Test 2 (Wks 6-13)

Name the different classes of cardiovascular (CV) meds

statins, ACE inhibitors, anticoagulants, vasodilators, diuretics

What is a statin?

drugs used to lower cholesterol levels in the blood, by reducing the amount produced in the liver

lower risk of heart disease and stroke

Names of statins?

-statin

What are side effects of statins?

myalgia, rhabdo (elevated CK)

What is an ACE inhibitor?

angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE) inhibitors help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure; vasodilation; decrease blood pressure

treat and manage hypertension

Name of ACE inhibitors?

-prils (captopril, enalapril, lisinopril)

What are side effects of ACE inhibitors?

cough, dizziness, syncope, hyperkalemia (elevated potassium)

What is an anticoagulant?

blood thinner, helps prevents blood clots

What are side effects of anticoagulants?

bleeding, bruising, fall risks

Name common anticoagulants?

-rin (Warfarin, Heparin)

What is a vasodilator?

medicine that opens (dilates) blood vessels; decreased BP

What are side effects of vasodilators?

dizziness, headache, hypotension

What are diuretics?

helps reduce fluid buildup in the body; blood-glucose increased; reduces blood pressure

What are side effects of diuretics?

monitor for electrolyte imbalances, seizures

What are beta blockers?

prevents the stimulation of the adrenergic receptors responsible for increased cardiac pulse; decreases heart rate and contractility

Name the beta blockers?

-lols (metranoprolol, etc)

What impact would beta-blockers have on PT and exercise capacity?

heart can't respond by beating harder and faster as it normally would with increased demand for exercise, bradycardia, fatigue

What is a calcium channel blocker?

used to lower blood pressure by limiting cells' use of calcium; decrease contractility

What are side effects for calcium channel blockers?

edema in LEs, bradycardia, hypotension, AV block (arrhythmia)

What is angina?

chest pain that happens when your heart needs more oxygen-rich blood; often described as squeezing, pressure, heaviness, tightness or pain in the chest

What meds are used for the treatment of angina?

beta blockers, calcium channel blockers (nondihydropyridines and dihydropyridines), vasodilators (nitrates)

What types of pulmonary meds can be used to control asthma?

long acting beta agonists (salmeterol), short acting beta agonists (albuterol), inhaled corticosteroids (-sone, fluticasone/flovent)

What are short acting beta agonists for asthma used for?

rescue inhalers, relax airway smooth muscle

What are long acting beta agonists for asthma used for?

relax the muscles around your airways to keep your airways open, bronchodilation

What does medications used to treat hypertension to prevent the enzymatic conversion of angiotensin 1 to agionensin 2 do that could impact PT?

bp drop too low (syncope, dizziness, limiting posture changes

What are the signs of a hypertensive emergency?

terrible headache, vision changes, short of breath, chest pain/tightness, unable to urinate (confusion)

How would a patient with decompensating heart failure present to PT?

short of breath, edema, difficulty gripping objects, etc.

Why are steroids used for COPD treatment?

steroid used to decrease accumulation of mucus to keep the airway flowing

What are potential side effects for patients that need pulmonary meds?

excitement (children), nervousness, tremors, tachycardia, shortness of breath

What are the most common side effects of muscle relaxants?

tiredness, drowsiness, sedation effect, fatigue

What is the PT perspective for skeletal muscle relaxants?

use at appropriate, limited times; short term > treat significant muscle pain, spasms

What are bisphosphonates?

bone health, inhibiting bone resorptions, decrease fx risk

What are common side effects of bisphosphonates?

GI impacts, reaction to infusion, arthalgia, myalgia, ocular adverse effect, atypical femur fx

What patients/diagnoses would be taking bisphosphonates?

osteopenia and osteoporosis (pts that are susceptible to fractures)

What is the chemical component of Parkinson's disease?

loss of functional dopamine in the brain

What are the cardinal signs of Parkinson's disease?

resting tremor, Bradykinesia, rigidity, impaired postural reflexes, gait disturbance, autonomic dysfunction, depression

What are pharmacoptherapy treatments for Parkinson's?

carbidopa/Levodopa

(dopamine agonist, COMT inhibitor, MAO-B inhibitor, anticholinergic)

What is the mechanism of action of Carbidopa/Levodopa?

Levodopa undergoes conversion to dopamine in the brain and THEN activates dopamine receptors; Carbidopa blocks destruction of Levodopa in the periphery

DOPAMINE REPLACEMENT

T/F: Carbidopa/Levodopa is a long-term treatment for Parkinson's disease

FALSE (body adapts long-term)

When describing a displaced fracture, the direction of the displacement corresponds with the position of the?

distal segment

What is a Salter-Harris fracture?

a fracture in the growth plate of a child's bone

What is a Salter-Harris type 1 fracture?

fracture runs straight across the growth plate (epiphysis)

What is a Salter-Harris type 2 fracture?

fracture breaks at an angle, cutting through most of the growth plate and the metaphysis (most common)

What is a Salter-Harris type 3 fracture?

fracture through growth plate and epiphysis

What is a Salter-Harris type 4 fracture?

fracture runs vertically through the growth plate

What is a Salter-Harris type 5 fracture?

when the growth plate becomes damaged, but there is no actual break

What is the key identifying feature for shoulder image that is AP in external rotation?

greater tuberosity

What is the key identifying feature for shoulder image that is AP in internal rotation?

lesser tuberosity

How is a weight bearing view taken for the AC joint?

hold sandbags at the side > applies distraction to open up the joint

What does the scapular Y view show?

anterior dislocation of humeral head

What is the pathology for a Hill-Sachs lesion?

fracture in the head of humerus

What is a bony Bankart lesion?

tear of the labrum with glenoid fracture

What are the basic elbow radiographs?

lateral, AP

What is a Galeazzi fracture?

middle to distal 3rd w/ dislocation of radioulnar joint

What is Monteggia fracture?

fracture of proximal ulna w/ dislocation of radial head

What is a Sail Sign?

elbow fat pad > multiple fat pads in the elbow

What is a Smith fracture?

distal radius fracture with palmar (inward) displacement

What is a Colles' fracture?

distal radius fracture with dorsal (outward) displacement

What are the terms "sclerosis", "joint space narrowing" and "osteophytes" are most typically associated with?

osteoarthritis

What is a closed fracture?

bone not exposed to external environment

What is an open fracture?

bone is exposed to external environment through opening in skin

What is a fatigue fracture?

abnormal stress to normal bone

What is an insufficiency fracture?

normal stress to abnormal bone

What are the different radiography views for the hip?

AP (bilateral, unilateral), lateral (frog leg)

What are the different radiography views for the knee?

AP, PA (tunnel view), lateral, tangential view (patella)

What are the different radiography views for the ankle?

AP, AP oblique, lateral, inversion stress, eversion stress, anterior drawer

What are the different radiography views for the basic foot?

AP, lateral, oblique

What are the different radiography views for the shoulder?

GH AP in ER/IR, AC joint, AP scapula, lateral scapula, axillary view of GH joint, scapular Y view

What are the different radiography views for the elbow?

AP, lateral

What are the different radiography views for the forearm?

AP, lateral

What are the different radiography views for wrist?

PA, oblique, lateral

What are the different radiography views for the hand?

PA, oblique, lateral,

What are the different CT/MRI planes for the shoulder?

axial, oblique sagittal (to glenoid fossa), oblique coronal (supraspinatus)

What are the different CT/MRI planes for the elbow?

axial, sagittal, coronal, prone or spine with arm(s) overhead

What are the different wrist and hand MRI and CT?

axial, sagittal, coronal