AP Human Geography Unit 2

Population Distribution

the pattern of human settlement; the spread of people across the earth

Population Density

a measure of the average population per square mile or kilometer of an area

Midlatitudes

the regions between 30 degrees and 60 degrees, north and south of the equator

Social Stratification

the hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, ethnicity, or religion

Arithmetic Population Density

the average population in a square mile or kilometer (population divided by land area)

Physiological Population Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land. High = low percentage of arable land. Low = plenty of arable land (population divided by arable land area)

Agricultural Population Density

compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land. High = less developed area. Low = more developed area (farmer population divided by arable land area)

Arable

suitable for growing crops

Redistricting

redrawing of political boundaries based on census data to maintain similar numbers of voters per district (every ten years)

Infrastructure

the facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities

Overpopulation

when a region has more people than it can support

Carrying Capacity

the number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Age-Sex Composition Graph/Population Pyramid

provides information on birth rates, death rates, life expectancy, and economic development (based on age and gender)

Cohorts

age groups on a population pyramid

Birth Deficit

a slowdown of births

Baby Boom

a large spike in birth rates

Baby Bust

once a boom ends, birth rates are lower for a number of years (continues until boomers reach childbearing age)

Echo

once boomers reach childbearing age, there is a significant increase in birth rates. This increase reflects an earlier baby boom (bulge on a pyramid)

Potential Workforce

the group expected to be the society's labor force (ages 15-64)

Dependent Population

people who rely on the economically active workforce to keep the society running (under 15/over 64)

Dependency Ratio

the comparison between the size of the potential workforce and the dependent population

Demographic Balancing Equation

Used to describe the future population of a region of any scale: future population = the current population + (number of births - number of deaths) + (number of immigrants - number of emigrants)

Immigrants

people who move into a country (IN)

Emmigrants

people who move out of a country (EXIT)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

the number of live births per year for each 1000 people

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

the average number of children who would be born per woman of that group in a country

Life Expectancy

the average number of years people live

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

the number of children who die before their first birthday

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

the number of deaths per year for each 1,000 people

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

the percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining, without the impact of migration [RNI = (CBR - CDR) / 10]

Population Doubling Time

the time required for a population of a country to double in size (70 / annual growth rate)

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

shows five typical stages of population change that countries pass through as they modernize

Demographic Momentum

the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution

Epidemiologic Transition Model

An extension of the Demographic Transition Model which explains the changing death rates and more common causes of death in a society

Ecumene

the part of the Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR)

total number of maternal deaths due to pregnancy or childbirth per 1,000 successful pregnancies/births

Malthusian Theory

The theory proposed by Malthus that society was on the path to mass starvation, as poulation was increasing faster than food production capabilities, Maltus recommended that people limit the number of children they had in order to not exhaust the earths resources

Boserup Theory

The more people there are, the more hands there are to work, rather than just more mouths to feed

Neo-Malthusians

people who still accept Malthus' fundamental premise as correct today

Anti-analist Policies

policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country and are often used by developing countries

Pro-analist Policies

policies designed to increase a country's fertility rate

Migration

the permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Voluntary Migration

a movement made by choice

Push Factors

negative circumstances, events, or conditions, present where someone lives that compels them to leave

Pull Factors

positive circumstances, events, or conditions present that compels a person to move to that location

Migration Transition Model

Argues that countries in Stage 2 and 3 of the DTM experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. This overcrowding limits the economic opportunities of the people and acts a push factor. Thus, they migrate to less crowded Stage 4 or 5 countries, which offer greater economic opportunities.

Intervening Obstacles

barriers that make reaching a desired destination more difficult

Gravity Model of Migration

a model that assumes that the size and distance between two cities or countries will influence the amount of interactions that include migration, travel, and economic opportunity

Step Migration

a process in which migrants reach their eventual destination through a series of smaller moves

Rural-to-Urban Migration

the voluntary movement of people from rural areas to cities, driven by economic factors like better job opportunities and higher wages (pull factors), and the lack of opportunities or quality of life in rural areas (push factors)

Counter Migration

each migration flow produces a movement in the opposite direction

Return Migration

immigrants moving back to their former home

Forced Migration

movement that is involuntary, meaning migrants have no choice but to move

Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)

migrants who move to another part of the same country (due to forced migration)

Refugees

migrants who cross international borders (due to forced migration)

Asylum

protection granted by a country to another immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he/she returns to origin country

Internal Migration

used to describe movement that occurs within a country

Transnational Migration

when people move from one country to another, or internationally rather than internally

Chain Migration

when people migrate to and settle in a new country, they often decide to locate in a city or community where others from their home country, family members, friends, or those from their culture group have previously settled

Guest Workers

transnational migrants who relocate to a new country to provide labor that isn’t available locally

Transhumance

the process of herders moving with their animals to different pastures during different seasons

Guest-Worker Policies

these regulate the number of workers who can temporarily enter each country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

Family Reunification

policies that allow migrants to sponsor family members who migrate to the country

Xenophobia

a strong dislike of people of another culture

Remittances

money sent to an immigrant's family and friends in the country they left

Brain Drain

when migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

Ethnic Enclaves

neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group. They add to the cultural richness of the countries in which they develop