U.S. History EOC Review Flashcards

Flashcards for U.S. History EOC review.

What was the Missouri Compromise of 1820?

Missouri was admitted as a slave state and Maine as a free state. All territory north of 36°30" would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states.

What were the main points of the Compromise of 1850?

California was admitted as a free state, Utah and N.M. were organized without restrictions on slavery, the Texas/N.M. border was adjusted, slave trade was abolished in D.C., and tougher fugitive slave laws were established.

What was Henry Clay's role in the lead-up to the Civil War?

He helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War.

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854?

This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and allowed popular sovereignty to determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states.

What was 'Bleeding Kansas'?

The Kansas Territory was a battleground between proslavery and anti-slavery forces. Mini civil war that foreshadowed the future one.

What was the Abolitionist Movement?

The movement in America to outlaw slavery; leaders included Frederick Douglass, Sojourner Truth, John Brown, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Harriet Tubman.

What was 'Uncle Tom’s Cabin'?

A best-selling novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe that portrayed slavery as a great moral evil.

What was the outcome of Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)?

The U.S. Supreme Court decided a Missouri slave could not sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

What were the main resources of the North and South before the Civil War?

The North had factories, railroads, telegraph wires, and a labor force. The South had plantations, slaves, cotton, and rivers.

What led to the secession of Southern states in 1860?

After Lincoln was elected, seven Southern states seceded due to the election of a President “whose opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery.”

What were the three parts of the Anaconda Plan?

Blockade Southern ports, cut the Mississippi River in half, and capture Richmond.

What was the significance of the Battle of Gettysburg in 1863?

A three-day battle that was a turning point of the Civil War, won by the North.

What is the 'Battle Hymn of the Republic'?

Abolitionist & poet Julia Ward Howe in 1861 composed the lyrics toward the cause of ending slavery.

What did the Emancipation Proclamation of 1862 do?

Lincoln freed all slaves in states that had seceded, though he had no power to enforce the law.

What were the main differences between the Presidential and Congressional Reconstruction plans?

Lincoln offered the “Ten Percent Plan.” Johnson’s plan was similar to Lincoln’s, but required wealthy planters to request pardons and did not support voting rights for African-Americans.Radical Republicans” passed the Wade-Davis Bill that Lincoln pocket vetoed.

What are the key provisions of the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments?

13th - Freed all slaves. 14th - Granted full citizenship to all native-born or naturalized Americans, including former slaves. 15th - No one could be denied the right to vote on account of race, color or having been a slave

What was the Civil Rights Act of 1866?

Prohibited abridgement of rights of blacks or any other citizens.

What were the Black Codes?

Southern states passed codes that limited African-American occupations to servants & farm laborers and, in some states, prohibited African- Americans from owning land.

What was the purpose of the Freedman’s Bureau?

This agency provided schools, medical care, and marriage certificates to nearly 4 million emancipated slaves.

What was the Compromise of 1877?

Hayes promised to show concern for Southern interests and end Reconstruction in exchange for the Democrats accepting the fraudulent election results. He took Union troops out of the South.

What improvements in agriculture occurred during the Industrial Revolution?

Mechanized reaper, steel plow, barbed wire, windmills, and hybridization.

How did big business influence America?

Larger pools of capital, wider geographic span, broader range of operations, revised role of ownership, and new methods of management.

What is laissez-faire economics?

A theory that the economy does better without government intervention in business.

What is a monopoly?

A market structure where a company has complete control over a product or service in that area.

Who were some of the major industrialists during the Industrial Revolution?

John D. Rockefeller (Oil), Andrew Carnegie (Steel), J.P. Morgan (Banking & finance), and Vanderbilt (Railroads).

What is Social Darwinism?

Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor.

What is the Gospel of Wealth?

The wealthy have an obligation to give something back to society.

Who were some of the key inventors and their inventions during the Industrial Revolution?

Alexander Graham Bell (telephone), Christopher Sholes (typewriter), Henry Bessemer (Bessemer Steel process), and Thomas Alva Edison (electricity).

What is an assembly line?

Arrangement of equipment and workers in which work passes from operation to operation in a direct line until the product is assembled.

What were the typical factory working conditions like during the Industrial Revolution?

12 hour days, unsafe conditions, low wages, and child labor.

What is a labor union?

An association of workers who join together to promote and protect the welfare, interest, and rights of its members by a process called Collective Bargaining.

What are some examples of Labor Unions?

Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor.

What is collective bargaining?

Discussions held between workers and their employers over wages, hours, and conditions.

What is a strike?

A work stoppage intended to force an employer to respond to workers demands.

What is a boycott?

Workers encourage citizens to not buy or use a company product until that company gives into the worker’s demands.

What is a Lockout?

Owners of a factory lock the workers out of the factory building until the workers give in or compromise with the factory owners demands.

What was the Great Strike of 1877?

A railroad strike over cuts in worker’s wages that set the scene for violent strikes to come.

What was the Pullman Strike of 1894?

Workers of the Pullman rail car company went on strike over wage cuts & layoffs. Federal troops were called in to end the strike.

What was the Interstate Commerce Act?

Created the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) to supervise and regulate railroad companies and activities.

What was the Sherman Anti-trust Act?

Intended to prevent the creation of monopolies by making it illegal to establish trusts that interfered with free trade.

What was Ellis Island?

Served as an immigration station for millions of immigrants arriving in the U.S. from Europe between 1892 and 1954.

What was Angel Island?

Asians-primarily Chinese, arriving on the U.S. West Coast were processed at this immigration station in San Francisco Bay, California between 1910 and 1940.

What was the Chinese Exclusion Act?

Prohibited All Chinese except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials from entering the U.S.

What was the Gentlemen’s Agreement?

Japan agreed to limit Japanese emigration to the U.S. and in return San Francisco withdrew its segregation orders.

What is Nativism?

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

What was the Americanization Movement?

Volunteers ran programs to help newcomers learn English and adopt American dress and diet.

What was the Social Gospel?

A reform movement based on the belief that Christians have a responsibility to help improve working conditions and alleviate poverty.

What are settlement houses?

A community center providing assistance to residents-particularly immigrants- in slum neighborhoods.

What was the Dawes Act of 1887?

Tried to dissolve Indian tribes by redistributing the land, resulting in many Indians losing their lands to speculators.

What were Political Machines?

Controlled the activities of political parties in the city. Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure that their candidates were elected; make sure that city government worked to their advantage.

Who was William M. Tweed (Boss Tweed)?

Political Boss that was the head of the New York City Political Democratic Machine called Tammany Hall.

What was Tammany Hall?

New York City’s powerful Democratic political machine in the late 19th Century- Led by Boss “Tweed”

What were the beliefs of W.E.B. DuBois?

DuBois believed that black Americans had to demand their social and civil rights or else become permanent victims of racism. Helped found the NAACP.

What were the beliefs of Booker T. Washington?

Washington believed that African Americans had to achieve economic independence before civil rights. In 1881, he founded the first formal school for blacks, the Tuskegee Institute.

Who was Ida B. Wells?

African-American woman who campaigned against lynchings in the South. Helped to block the establishment of segregated schools in Chicago. Founder of NACW.

What were the goals of the Populist Party?

This political party was formed in 1891 – 1892 by farmers to give them a bigger voice in government. This party advocated a larger money supply and other economic reforms

Who was William Jennings Bryan?

1896 Democratic candidate for President of the U.S., who was backed by both the Democrats and the Populists. Bryan favored using both gold and silver as the nation’s currency(BIMETALLISM)

What was the Cross of Gold Speech of 1896?

Given by William Jennings Bryan, he said people must not be "crucified on a cross of gold", referring to the Republican proposal to eliminate silver coinage and adopt a strict gold standard.

What were the causes of Progressivism?

Ineffectiveness of government, Poor working conditions, Emergence of Social Gospel, Unequal distribution of wealth, Immigration, Urban poor, Corruption.

Who were the Muckrakers?

Journalists who searched for and publicized real or alleged acts of corruption of public officials, businessmen

What was Upton Sinclair's 'The Jungle'?

Book written by Muckraker Upton Sinclair in 1906, that portrayed the disgusting conditions of the Chicago meatpacking industry which led the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act.

Who was Jacob Riis?

Early 1900's writer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. Muckraker novel.

What is a Recall?

A procedure for removing a public official from office by a vote of the people.

What is Initiative?

A procedure by which a legislative measure can be originated by the people rather than by lawmakers.

What is a Referendum?

A procedure by which a proposed legislative measure can be submitted to a vote of the people.

What is a Direct Primary?

Election in which citizens themselves vote to select nominees for upcoming elections.

What was the ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)?

The Supreme Court ruled against Plessy, saying that segregated facilities for whites and blacks were legal as long as the facilities were of equal quality.

How were African Americans disenfranchised?

The Mississippi supreme court ruled that poll taxes and literacy tests, which took away blacks' right to vote (a practice known as "disenfranchisement"), were legal.

Who was Jane Addams?

Social reformer who worked to improve the lives of the working class. She founded Hull House in Chicago, the first private social welfare agency in the U.S.

What was Triangle Shirtwaist Fire?

1911,Highlighted the poor working conditions and led to federal regulations to protect workers.

What is a Spoils System?

A practice of winning candidates' rewarding their supporters with government jobs and appointments

What is Gerrymandering?

The act of dividing a voting area so as to give one political party a majority in that district

Who was Thomas Nast?

Newspaper cartoonist who produced satirical cartoons, he invented "Uncle Sam" and came up with the elephant and the donkey for the political parties.

What were the goals of the Progressive Party Platform?

Platform called for women's suffrage, recall of judicial decisions, easier amendment of the U.S. Constitution, social welfare legislation for women and children, workers' compensation, limited injunctions in strikes, farm relief, revision of banking to assure an elastic currency.

What was President Woodrow Wilson's Triple-Threat of Privilege?

President Woodrow Wilson called for an all- out-war on what he named the “Triple Wall of Privilege” — the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.

What was the Federal Reserve Act of 1913?

Regulated banking to help small banks stay in business. A move away from laissez-faire policies, it was passed by Wilson.

What was Women’s Christian Temperance Union?

Founded in Chicago in 1873, it promoted the goal of prohibition

What is a prohibition?

The banning of manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages

What did the 18th Amendment do?

Banned the making, selling, or transporting of alcoholic beverages in the U.S.

What was National Women’s Suffrage Association?

Worked both the State and National levels to earn women the right to vote.

What did the 19th Amendment do?

States that the Federal government nor State governments can deny the right to vote on account of sex

What was the Louisiana Purchase of 1803?

The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from France for $15 million

What was Seward’s Folly, 1867?

Seward was the energetic supporter of the Alaskan purchase and negotiator of the deal because Alaska was not fit for settlement or farming.

What was the Annexation of Hawaii, 1898?

In July 1898, Congress made Hawaii a U.S. territory, for the use of the islands as naval ports.

Who was Alfred Mahan?

As Americans increased business overseas it became necessary to protect those investments. In order to protect those investments America built the "great white fleet"

Who was Josiah Strong?

Strong claimed that America as the leading nation in the world it was our destiny to acquire new lands.

What is Yellow Journalism?

This is the use of sensationalized and exaggerated reporting by newspapers to attract readers.

What was the DeLome Letter?

Criticized President McKinley calling him “weak”.

What was U.S.S. Maine?

This is the main event that forced the U.S. to declare war with Spain!

What was the Monroe Doctrine, 1823?

Declared that Europe should not interfere in the Western Hemisphere and any interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S.

What was the Roosevelt Corollary, 1904?

U.S. would act as international policemen.

What was the “Big Stick” Policy?

President Theodore Roosevelt’s policy of creating and using, when necessary, a strong military to achieve America’s goals.

What was the Open Door Policy, 1899?

Hay sent imperialist nations a note asking them to offer assurance that they would respect the principle of equal trade opportunities, specifically in the China market.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A 1900 rebellion in which members of a Chinese secret society sought to free their country of Western influence.

What was the Panama Canal?

An artificial waterway cut through the Isthmus of Panama to provide a shortcut between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

What is Militarism?

The policy of building up armed forces in aggressive preparedness for war.

What is an Alliances?

This is were two or more nations form an agreement for a common objective.

What is Imperialism?

The policy of extending a nation’s authority over other countries by economic, political, or military means.

What is Nationalism?

A devotion to the interest and culture of one’s nation.

What events led to U.S. involvement in World War I?

Germany sinked the Lusitania, Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare, Zimmerman note is intercepted.