🐸animal transport🐸

what features are in an artery?

elastic tissue

thick muscle layer

folded endothelium

what features are in a capillary?

one cell thick endothelium

what do haem groups break down into?

bile pigments

what features are in a vein?

thin muscle wall

endothelium

what vessel has the largest lumen?

veins

what is chloride shift?

hydrogen carbonate ions moving out of rbcs and chloride ions moving into rbcs

what results in formation of tissue fluid?

oncotic pressure < hydrostatic pressure

release of H ions causes ph to fall and what happens to oxygen affinity?

lowers

what is the function of the AVN?

conducts impulses to the bundle of His

why is collagen tissue important in the heart walls?

prevents impulses from passing straight into the ventricle, allows it to happen via bundle of his

where does fluid leave in capillary bed?

arteriolar end

what happens to partial pressure of oxygen while exercising?

increases

what does carbonic anhydrase do?

catalyse reaction between carbon dioxide and water in RBC to form carbonic acid

what happens to carbonic acid?

dissociates to form HCO3^- and H^+ ions

what does increase in H+ ions cause?

haemoglobin unloads oxygen

what does tissue fluid contain?

glucose

amino acids

oxygen

other nutrients

where is hydrostatic pressure higher?

arteriolar end

what is oncotic pressure?

pressure formed by plasma proteins

why does tissue fluid form?

hydrostatic pressure is higher than oncotic pressure so fluid moves out of the capillaries

what is the difference from tissue fluid and lymph?

tissue fluid formed from blood

lymph is tissue fluid after it’s bathed cells so contains less oxygen and nutrients and more waste products

what happens during cardiac diastole?

heart is relaxed

blood entered atria, forces AV valves open, blood enters ventricles, SL valve stays shut

what happens during atrial systole?

atria contract, any remaining blood is pushed into ventricles

what happens during ventricular systole?

ventricles contract, SL valves open, blood flows into arteries, AV valve is shut

how does the heart contract?

SAN spreads impulse to atria, atria contract, AVN get impulse, delays, sends to bundle of his, purkinje fibres contact ventricles from bottom up

what is fast heart beat?

tachycardia

what is a slow heart beat?

bradycardia

what is an irregular fast heart beat?

fibrillation

what is a heart beat with early or extra beats?

ectopic

what is the function of haemoglobin?

carry oxygen around body on RBC

what happens when partial pressure is high on the haemoglobin?

oxygen binds tightly to haemoglobin

what happens when partial pressure is low?

oxygen is released from haemoglobin

when the curve is closer to the left what is the affinity?

higher affinity

what is the bohr effect?

partial pressure of co2 increases, more acidic, haemoglobin changes shape, affinity for oxygen decreases, oxygen released

what does haemoglobonic acid do?

encourage oxygen to dissociate from haemoglobin

what is the oxygen partial pressure for foetus compared to adult?

lower partial pressure so higher affinity to ensure needs are met

what makes haemoglobin red?

it’s haem groups

how many oxygen molecules can one haemoglobin molecule hold?

4 × o2

in the lungs what happens to the blood?

oxygen joins the iron in the haem groups to from oxyhaemoglobin

what is loading or association?

when an o2 joins to haemoglobin

what is the formula for oxyhaemoglobin?

HbO8

what does affinity for oxygen mean?

the tendency a molecule has to bind with oxygen

what affects oxygen affinity?

partial pressure of oxygen

what is the symbol for partial pressure of oxygen?

pO2

what is pO2 a measure of?

oxygen concentration

as pO2 increases… affinity…?

increases for oxygen

in what condition does loading occur?

high partial pressure, so high oxygen conc

where in the body is pO2 high?

alveoli

where in the body is pO2 low?

respiring tissues

why is the graph an s shape?

the more oxygen on the haemoglobin, the harder for more to load

what is easier to load, the first or last oxygen onto haemoglobin?

first

what is it called when haemoglobin has all 8 oxygen?

saturation

is the foetal curve to the left or right?

left

what happens when there’s more co2 to the curve?

shifts right meaning it’s easier to unload

where does the hydrogen carbonate go?

diffuses into blood plasma

when hydrogen carbonate leaves what diffuses into rbc and why?

Cl- to maintain balance of charge between rbc and plasma (chloride shift)

why is heart rate higher when you’re standing up?

blood needs to be pumped against gravity

what does diastole mean?

relaxing

what does systole mean?

contracting

where does the cardiac cycle start and what is the cycle?

diastole

atrial systole

ventricular systole

what is the movement of blood in diastole?

blood moves into atria via vena cava and pulmonary vein

what is the blood flow in atrial systole?

blood flows into ventricles from atria contracting (ventricular diastole still)

what is the blood flow in ventricular systole?

blood pushed out of ventricles into arteries

what side of the heart is oxygenated?

left side (right side on diagram)