Sleep and Dreams
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Non-REM sleep is crucial for __________ and memory consolidation.
physical restoration supported by Oswald's Restoration Theory (1966), highlighting sleep's biological role.
The three stages of Non-REM sleep include stage 1, stage 2, and __________.
stage 3, which is essential for deeper restorative processes.
Stage 1 of Non-REM sleep is characterized by __________ eye movements.
slow eye movements, indicating a transitional phase between wakefulness and sleep (Walker, 2017).
In Stage 2 of Non-REM sleep, __________ activity decreases further.
muscle activity decreases further, leading the body into a deeper sleep.
Sleep spindles and K-complexes are observed in stage __________.
2, indicating brain stability and processing information (Nir et al., 2015).
Stage 3 of Non-REM sleep is also known as __________ sleep.
deep or slow-wave sleep, which is essential for physical restoration and growth.
The Restoration Theory proposed by __________ supports the biological role of Non-REM sleep.
Oswald (1966), emphasizing the importance of this sleep for physical repair.
Dement and Kleitman's research highlights the importance of Non-REM sleep in __________.
memory consolidation, demonstrating the role of sleep in enhancing learning (Dement & Kleitman, 1957).
REM sleep is characterized by vivid dreaming, rapid eye movements, and __________ brain activity.
increased brain activity, which is believed to facilitate learning and emotional regulation.
During REM sleep, the body experiences __________ of most skeletal muscles.
temporary paralysis, which prevents acting out dreams and is a unique feature of this sleep stage.
According to Crick and Mitchison’s Reorganizational Theory, REM sleep helps the brain __________ memories.
reorganize and strengthen memories by processing emotional information (Crick & Mitchison, 1983).
Dement and Kleitman discovered that eye movements during REM sleep correlate with __________ content.
dream content, unveiling the connection between visual imagery and cognitive processes.
Circadian rhythms can significantly influence __________ behavior and mood.
sleep patterns, with disruptions leading to various mood disorders and health issues.
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) helps synchronize the body’s internal clock with __________ cues.
external environmental cues, such as light, as investigated by Czeisler et al. (1990).
Disruptions to circadian rhythms may lead to sleep disturbances and impairment in __________ function.
cognitive function, impacting attention, memory, and overall mental health.
Oswald’s Restoration Theory states that sleep is crucial for physical __________ and repair.
restoration, reinforcing the need for adequate non-REM sleep.
Deep sleep (N3) involves tissue repair and __________ function enhancement.
immune function enhancement, showing the biological necessity of sleep for health.
REM sleep is important for cognitive restoration, including __________ consolidation.
memory consolidation, serving a vital role in processing and integrating new information.
The biological processes during sleep influence both physical and __________ health.
mental health, as insufficient sleep is linked to conditions like anxiety and depression.
Dement and Kleitman’s study involved __________ participants in a sleep laboratory.
9 participants, a small sample size that may limit generalizability.
The use of __________ allowed researchers to collect quantifiable data in Dement and Kleitman’s study.
EEG, facilitating objective measurement of brain activity during sleep stages.
One limitation of Dement and Kleitman’s study is its small __________ size.
sample size, which raises questions about the findings' applicability to larger populations.
The lack of ecological validity in Dement and Kleitman’s study results from the __________ used for sleep monitoring.
sleep laboratory setting, which may not accurately reflect natural sleep conditions.
The study by Czeisler et al. (1990) found that bright light exposure can affect the __________ rhythm.
circadian rhythm, demonstrating the significance of environmental factors in sleep regulation.
The study by Crick and Mitchison suggests that dreams help the brain __________ unnecessary information.
discard unnecessary information, enhancing cognitive efficiency (Crick & Mitchison, 1983).
Freud believed that the manifest content of a dream is the __________ storyline.
actual storyline, which may disguise repressed thoughts.
Latent content refers to the __________ meaning of a dream.
hidden or symbolic meaning, revealing unconscious desires according to Freud (1900).
One criticism of Freud's theory is the lack of empirical __________.
evidence, as his concepts are largely based on personal interpretation rather than scientific data.
Drugs like stimulants can interfere with sleep by blocking the action of __________.
adenosine, a neurotransmitter that promotes sleep (H栗racek & Eberhardt, 2016).
Alcohol disrupts REM sleep and can lead to __________ sleep quality.
fragmented sleep quality, negatively affecting overall sleep architecture (Roehrs & Roth, 2001).
The __________ hormone regulates the sleep-wake cycle and is affected by light exposure.
melatonin, produced by the pineal gland in response to darkness (Hirshkowitz et al., 2015).
Light exposure can significantly shift the __________ rhythm.
circadian rhythm, influencing sleep onset and duration.
Light therapy can enhance sleep quality for people with disrupted __________ rhythms.
circadian rhythms, providing a non-pharmacological treatment option.
Darkness promotes melatonin production and encourages __________ sleep.
restorative sleep, essential for physical and cognitive functions.
The __________ Theory suggests dreaming aids in memory consolidation.
Reorganizational Theory, asserting that dreams play a critical role in learning and memory.
Non-REM stages of sleep play a role in __________ repair and immune function.
physical repair, underscoring the need for deep sleep for overall health.
REM sleep is associated with __________ dreaming and high brain activity.
vivid dreaming, supporting the brain's role in emotional processing.
During REM sleep, the body experiences __________ of skeletal muscles to prevent acting out dreams.
temporary paralysis, characteristic of this sleep stage.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia incorporates light therapy to adjust sleep __________.
timing, making it a popular intervention for sleep disorders.
Freud’s emphasis on the __________ content of dreams has been widely criticized.
sexual and aggressive content, as it does not encompass the full range of dream experiences.
The __________ Theory of Dreaming suggests dreaming improves cognitive efficiency by removing unnecessary memories.
Reorganizational Theory, linking sleep processes to cognitive optimization.
Poor sleep can lead to behavioral changes such as decreased __________ and irritability.
concentration, which can impair daily functioning.
Some antidepressants can reduce deep sleep and alter __________ sleep patterns.
REM sleep patterns, affecting the overall sleep quality.
Research emphasizes the importance of managing external factors to maintain healthy __________ quality.
sleep quality, which can prevent sleep disorders and optimize health.
The sleep cycle typically lasts about __________ minutes for one complete cycle.
90 minutes, during which individuals progress through non-REM and REM stages.
REM sleep plays a crucial role in emotional __________ regulation.
processing, aiding individuals in managing emotional experiences.
Dement and Kleitman found that dreaming occurs predominantly during __________ sleep.
REM sleep, reinforcing the vital connection between dreaming and cognitive processes.