patho unit 1

What is cellular adaptation?

Reversible in response to physiologic and pathologic conditions

What is atrophy

decrease in cell size

What is hypertrophy

increase in cell size

What is hyperplasia

increase in cell number

What is dysplasia

deranged cellular growth

What is metaplasia

reversible replacement of one mature cell type by another, less mature cell type. ex: chronic smoker

Physiologic and pathologic causes of atrophy

physiologic: thymus gland, gonads

pathologic: arm in cast, blood supply to the brain

Physiologic and pathologic causes of hypertrophy

physiologic: runners heart, skeletal muscles

pathologic: left ventricle, unilateral kidney

Physiologic and pathologic causes of hyperplasia

physiologic: liver, skin, menstrual cycle

pathologic: uterus, prostrate, thyroid

What is the most common cause of cellular injury/the most common cause of hypoxia?

ischemia

What is the leading cause of child poisonings?

xenobiotics

What are xenobiotics?

foreign chemical substance that are not produced by the body. They can be toxic, mutagenic, or carcinogenic chemicals.

What is the most common substance to accumulate during cell injury?

water

What are the 7 types of ceullular accumulations?

water, lipids/carbs, glycogen, proteins, pigments, calcium, urate

What disease is an example of glycogen accumulation?

von gierke disease

What is programmed cell death called and what does it do?

apoptosis: removes cells that are being replaced or have worn out, removes unwanted tissue.

What is necrotic cell death?

unregulated death caused by injuries to cells, cells swell and rupture, causes inflammation

What is cortisol

• secreted during stress by adrenal gland

What can the increase of cortisol cause?

• obesity, sleep deprivation, lipid abnormalities, hypertension, diabetes, atherosclerosis, and loss of bone density

• cognitive impairments, emotional disorders

• gastric ulcers

What does the activation of the sympathetic nervous system release?

norepinephrine and epinephrine

What does epinephrine influence?

cardiac action by enhancing myocardial contractility

What are ways to reduce stress

yoga, excercising, mindfulness, meditation, and talk therapy

How is exercise an adaptive coping strategy?

• improves inflammation

• increase brain metabolism

• reduces obesity

What is the central nervous system

• helps make decisions/stores memories

• brain and spinal cord

what is the peripheral nervous system

• carries signals to an from the CNS

• consists of somatic and autonomic ns

What are nonpharmacological methods of pain management?

• cold application

• heat application

• mental focus to decrease anxiety

• relaxation techniques

• massage

• biofeedback

• physical and occupational therpay

Are migraines more common in women or men?

• women

• 18% women, 6% men

What are the 3 classification of migraines?

• primary: retinal migraine, transformed migraine, sinus pain. (not caused by disease/injury)

• secondary: meningitis, brain tumor, cerebral aneurysms (due to an underlying condition)

• cranial neuralgia or facial pain (due to damage of a nerve)

What are cluster headaches and is it more common in men or women?

• clusters over weeks or months, followed by a long headache

• sever, unrelenting unilateral pain in retro, infra, supra-orbital and temporal area

• increases from 10 to 15, peaks and last from 15 to 180 mins

• more common in men

What are tension-type headaches

• dull, aching, diffuse, non-descript

• hatband and no nausea

what is chronic daily headache (CDH)

• occurs 15 or more days a month

• due to drug overuse

what organ controls your core body temperature

hypothalamus

What is considered a normal body temperature

36 C to 37.5 C

What causes a fluctuations in temerpature

circadian rhythm

What temperature is considered a fever

41 C or higher and 34 C below

What is an intermittent fever

return to normal within 24 hrs

what is a remittent fever

does not return to normal, varies a few degrees in either direction

what is a sustained fever

remains above normal with minimal variation

what is a recurring fever

one or more fever episodes lasting several days with one or more normal days in between

What is tinea corporis (ringworm)

• more common in children

• transmitted from kitten, puppies, and other affected children

• oval or circular patches typically on the trunk, back, and buttocks

• begins as a red papule and enlarges with central clearing

• sharply defined and red border consisting of vesicles, papules, or pustules

• mild burning felt by the individual

What is tinea capitis

• two types: inflammatory and noninflammatory

• most common in children

• infects the scalp and hair shaft

• ages 3-14 and mostly african american and hispanic

• lesions vary from greyish, round, hairless patches to balding spots

• mild erythema, crust, or scale may be present

What are cellular components of inflammation

• erythrocytes

• platelets

• basophil

• eosinophil

• lymphocyte

• neutrophil

• monocyte

What causes inflammation?

• ischemic damage

• infectious micro organisms

• trauma

• caustic chemicals

• extreme heat or cold

• surgery

Signs of inflammation

• heat

• redness

• swelling

• pain

• loss of function

Describe neutrophils

• AKA polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs)

• ingest bacteria, dead cells, and cellular debris

• first responder to infection/inflammation

Describe eosinophils

• mildy phagocytic

• defense against parasites and regulation of vascular mediators

describe basophils

• least prevalent granulocytes

• primary role unknown

• contain anticoagulant heparin

Describe monocytes/macrophages

• monocytes are produced in bone marrow, enter the circulation, and migrate to the inflammatory site where they develop into macrophages

• macrophages typically arrive at the inflammatory site 24 hrs or later after neutrophils

What is the difference between primary and secondary intention

• Primary: wounds that heal under conditions of minimal tissue loss (paper cut)

• Secondary: wounds that require a great deal more tissue replacement (severe burn)

What are exudates?

Masses of cells and fluid that have seeped out of blood vessels or an organ, especially curing inflammation

What are the types of exudates

• Serous: watery

• Hemorrhagic: blood-filled with erythrocytes

• Fibrinous: thick and clotted, the fluid exudate from the lungs of an individual with pericarditis

• Purulent: a large number of leucocytes, as occurs in a bacterial infection, such as pneumonia

What is the most common cancer for men and women?

• men: prostate

• women: breast

What is the leading cause of death in men and women?

lung cancer

How are cancer cells different from normal cells?

• they don’t die if they move to another part of the body

• they don’t stop reproducing

• don’t obey signals from other cells

• don’t stick together

• don’t specialize, but stay immature

What are benign tumors

• lost ability to suppress cell proliferation

• retained cell differentiation

• don’t have the capacity to infiltrate, invade, and metastasize to other sites

• expand slowly

• fibrous capsule

what are malignant tumors

• may compress blood vessels

• outgrow blood supply

• invade and infiltrate nearby tissue

• grow rapidly

• no well-defined margins

• can secrete hormones and cytokines

• can induce inflammatory response

What is adenoma

benign tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

what is adenocarcinoma

malignant tumor of glandular epithelial tissue

what is carcinoma

malignant tumor of epithelial tissue

what is sarcoma

malignant tumor of mesenchymal origin

what is papilloma

benign microscopic or macroscopic fingerlike projection growing on a surface

What is BRACA1 and 2

• cancers involve the breast, ovaries, and prostate

What are oncogenic viruses?

• viruses that can lead to cancer. DNA and RNA viruses (HPV, EBV, HBV)

What are carcinogens

• substances that can cause cancer

• chemical and radiation

Reminder look over slide 46 on week 2

Explain stage 0 of cancer

• the cancer cells have not yet invaded into surrounding tissues; without invasion the tumor can’t spread and the cure rate is 100%. Has not grown beyond the mucosa

Explain stage 1 of cancer

• the primary tumor is small but invasive into surrounding tissues and has not spread. invades through mucosa and submucosa

explain stage 2 of cancer

the primary tumor is larger but there is still no clinical evidence of spread. invades through muscle layers and nearby tissues or organs

explain stage 3 of cancer

• the tumor has spread to lymph glands in that region of the body

explain stage 4 of cancer

the cancer has spread beyond the region where it initiated to a distant tissue or organ

What are ways to treat cancer?

• surgery

• radiation

• hormonal therapy

• targeted therapy

• biotherapy

• chemotherapy

• stem cell transplant

What can the increase of norepinephrine cause?

• plague formation in blood vessels

• myocardial infraction, stroke

• basically just a stress hormone

how is mindfulness therapy an adaptive coping strategy

• monitor current experiences with acceptance

• modulates stress-induced cortisol secretion

• dampens brain regions activated by stress

whats the difference between adaptive and maldaptive coping

• Adaptive: involves healthy actions that lower stress, building long-term resilience

• Maladaptive: offers temporary relief but creates bigger problems later (ex: drinking, social withdrawal)

Be able to know the different types of pain

• cutaneous: sharp or burning pain that orginates in the skin

• Deep: throbbing pain orginating in muscle, bone, and tendons

• visceral: diffuse and poorly defined pain resulting from stretching or distension

• acute: self limiting pain that remits when cause removed

• chronic: persistent pain that lasts longer than expected

• referred: originates at a visceral site but is perceived in different location of the body wall

What are examples of pharmacologic treatment

• topical

• oral

• IV push

• drips

• epidurals

• PCA’s

Primary skin disorders

• acne

• rosacea

• papulosquamous

• allergic disorders

• drug reactions

secondary skin disorders

• scratching

• trauma

• infection

• healing process

• caused by external factors

Characteristics of “normal” cells

• reproduce themselves exactly

• stop reproducing at the right time

• stick together in the right place

• self destruct if they are damaged

• become specialized or mature