intro to immunology

Granulocytes include which 3 types of wbc

NEB

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

What are granulocytes

Cells that have granules or small vesicles inside with digestive enzymes. They come to the surface and releases granules.

What are mast cells?

Cells that sit in the tissues and releases granules to illicit immune responses. They do not attack.

Five types of of wbcs

Monocytes, eosinophil, lymphocyte, neutrophil, basophil

Stem cells can either become … or .. cells

Lymphoid or myeloid

Lymphocytes can either become these 3 things

B cells, t cells, and nk cells

what kind of lymphocyte is an adaptive response cell

NK cell

Innate wbcs

Monocytes, eosinophil, neutrophil, basophil, lymphocyte (b cell and t cells only)

Eosin means

Red dye

Baso refers to

Base and basic pH

Innate external defenses specific

Skin, mucous membrane, secretions

Innate internal defenses: these cells destroy anything that is present (nonspecific)

Phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response, nk killer cells, complememtary cells

Acquired immunity: slower responses to specific microbes

Humoral response (antibodies), cell-mediated response (cytotoxic lymphocytes)

Innate vs adaptive immunity: no time lag, not antigen specific, no memory

Innate immunity

Innate vs. adaptive immunity: a lag period, antigen specific, development or memory

Adaptive immunity

What are 3 innate external defenses: mechanical factors

Akin, mucociliary escalator, flushing action of saliva, tears, urine

Internal external defenses: anatomical chemicals

Antimicrobial peptides in sweat, hcl stomach, lysozyme in tears/saliva

Plasma percentage

55

Red blood cdll percentage

45

what component of blood do extracellular components that need to be released come from

Plasma

What components of blood do wbc and platelets stay in

Buffy coat

Components in the plasma (extracellular components)

Complement proteins, coagulation proteins, cytokines

Most abundant wbc and most important: also is a phagocyte

Neutrophil

What is in granules

Lysozymes digests bacterial cell wall and other antimicrobial proteins

What triggers inflammatory response?

Neutrophils becoming apc (antigen presenting cells)

Monocytes migrates into the tissues and becomes macrophages including

Lung (alveolar macrophage), bone (osteoclast), histocyte, liver

Big eaters, resident in tissues, can also present antigen, recognize when there is a foreign substance

Macrophage

Transmembrane proteins, present on macrophages/few other cells, conserved across vertebrates, important part of innate immune system: their job is to look for foreign substances and signal the immune system to respond

Toll like receptor

What do tlrs look for?

Pamps. Pathogen associated molecular patterns. (We do not hve only bacteria have it)

What happens when tlr bind to microbes

Secretion of cytokines/interferon

Inflammation (Enhance immune system)

Phagocytosis of infected cell

Apoptosis of infected cell (killing cell)

seq how neutrophils eat and digest microbes

chemotaxis and adherence of microbe to phagocyte > ingestion of microbe by phagocyte > formation of phagosome > fusion of the phagosome with a lysosome to form a phagolysosome > digestion of ingested microbe by enzymes > formation of residual body containing indigestible material > discharge of waste materials

in addition to neutrophils, what are the main APCs?

Macrophages

Are TLRs innate or adaptive immune sensors?

innate

They look out for microbes (or their components)

They bind to the microbes (or their components)

They trigger a cascade of events to kill or protect against pathogens

TLRs

What are 4 things that happen when the TLR binds to a microbe to overall enhance the immune response or to kill the infected cell?

inflammation, secretion of cytokines, apoptosis, phagocytosis of infected cell

Not B-lymphocytes / T-lymphocytes

Important part of the innate immune system

Kill virus /bacteria infected cells (Intracellular pathogens)

Kills cancer cells

NK cell

Kill virus /bacteria infected cells (Intracellular pathogens)

NK cell

Kills cancer cells

NK cell

Why are virus or bacteria cells unable to produce surface proteins that protect it from NK cells?

they spend too much time and energy multiplying, they didnt have a chance to reproduce them

Are NK cells granulocytes or phagocytes

granulocytes

what granules are released by NK cells

perforins and proteases

Are NK cells specific or nonspecific?

nonspecific

(they will destroy both the pathogen and the host celland nearby cells)

seq how nk cells kill

NK cell locates for MHC 1 > infected cell does not have MHC1 > kills both host and pathogen

what responds when the external defenses of the innate response system are breached?

neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, NK cells

• Small proteins – secreted by cells of the immune system

• Affect the behavior of other cells

• signalling molecules

• 
  

• Key players in innate and acquired immunity

cytokines

what cells releases cytokines when they encounter a pathogen?

neutrophils and macrophages

what cells release cytokines when they encounter a microbe infected cell or tumor cell?

NK cells

what cell releasaes cyotkines when they are activated?

lymphocytes

what happens when cytokines are released?

inflammatory response

where do cytokines go?

they bind to the receptors of target cells and illicit a responses

what are 3 types of cytokine

interferon, interleukin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

antiviral proteins, a type of cytokine that prepared the cells around the infected cell, warning them that there is an infected cell nearby. acts as a waring system, tagging.

interferons

• Signaling proteins produced by virus infected monocytes and lymphocytes

Interferon

key anti-viral proteins secreted

interferons

secretion that interferes with virus replication

interferon

secretion that warns the neighboring cells that a virus is around

interferon

if this secretion is not present, may die of influenza virus infection

interferon

secretion that helps stop viral replication and helps/warns other cells to inhibit the virus. does not help self.

inteferon

• Secretion that is…

• Not stored inside cells

• Quickly synthesized and secreted in response to infection

• Key modulators of behaviour of immune cells

• Mostly secreted by T-lymphocytes & macrophages

interleukins

One of the new genes made from the TLR is the production of interleukins. Some of these interleukins will work nearby or enter the bloodstream and travel far. A lot of these are going to inhibit/trigger immune cells when needed.

interleukin

which interleukin allows B cell—proliferation and maturation and T cell—activation

interleukin 1

where is the primary source for interleukin 1

macrophage

what do interleukins do?

proliferation of immune cells, inflammation, increase antibody production (b-cell activation), activation of immune cells

necrosis means

breakdown of tumor cell

this causes inflammation and induces fever

tumor necrosis factor

3 functions of TNF

killling cancer, fever, inflammation

• a large number of distinct plasma proteins that react with one another (C1 - C9)

• Essential part of innate immune response

• Enhances adaptive immune response

complement proteins

what can complement proteins bind to and what is the function?

microbes and coats microbes: facilitates phagocytosis, direct lysis of pathogens, and inflammation

how many ways a complement protein can induce a response?

3

what are the 3 ways complementary proteins can induce a response?

classical, alternative, and lectinwh

what is the purpose of the 3 complementary pathways?

to activate C3 which activates all the other C proteins

when c3 breaks into c3a, what does it induce?

inflammation: it recruits and activates leukocytes > causing destruction of microbes by leukocytes

what does c3b induce?

phagocytosis and MAC

what is MAC

membrane attack complex

what does MAC (membrane attack complex) activated by c3b cause?

lysis of microbe

• mechanism to stop bleeding after injury to blood vessels

• Coagulation

what are 3 complex pathways involved in coagulation proteins:

platelets, coagulation factors, vitamin K

seq the coagulation of blood

platelets attach to the endothelium (the blood vessel wall), platelets start to release fibrin and begin to steal the endothelium, the fibrin network traps the RBC, and completely seal the endothelium

during coagulation, what is the inner lining of the blood vessel?

endothelium (which is a single layer of cells)

for coagulation, what is underneath the endothelium, which is lining the blood vessel wall?

collagen

what happens in coagulation when the platelets rush in a to a teared endothelium?

it contacts collagen and the platelets changes shape from spherical to spiky

what happens after the platelets change shape from spherical to spiky?

granules from the platelets release and activate coagulation factors, ultimately activating thrombin

helps produce fibrin which is a fibrous protein that interacts with these platelets, combining it into one solid thing. this allows it to be a stronger plug. 

thrombin

the activating factor for both of these factors to happen: spiky platelets and release of platelet granules to activate thrombin

Collagen

important to activate the enzymes in the cascade. Without it, it is easy to hemorrhage. 

vitamin K

what works together with coagulation proteins to maintain the balance between clotting and little clotting?

anticoagulants

coagulation proteins causes 3 things:

blood clotting, inflammation, apoptosis

anticoagulants causes 3 things:

prevent blood clotting, inhibits inflammation, inhibit apoptosis

what increases inflammation and increases apoptosis of infected cells? coagulation proteins or anticoagulants?

coagulation proteins

what happens when innate external defenses such as skin, mucous membranes, and secretions fail?

internal defenses such as phagocytic cells, antimicrobial cells, inflammatory responses, nk cells, complement system activates

• Complex biological process by which body responds to pathogens and irritants

• Associated with swelling of tissue

• 
  

• Key player in innate immune response

inflammation

increase in blood flow results in

inflammation

what are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

heat, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

all roads such as neutrophils, coagulation proteins, monocytes/macrophages, NK cells, TLRs, cytokines/IFN, C proteins, coagulation proteins, (cellular or acellular) all lead to…

inflammation

vasodilation during inflammation causes…

increases capillary permeability

what is inflammation

the increase in blood flow for wbc to reach a site

when inflammation occurs and there is vascular changes, it can either be…

vasodilation or capillary permeability

heat/redness and fever is caused by what part of inflammation (vascular change)

vasodilation

swelling, pain, and temporary loss of function is caused by what part of inflammation (vascular change)

capillary permeability

what needs to be present in order for vasodilation to occur in the immune response?

histamines