Fuck My Life Part 4 (Lecture)

What is a dendrite?

 receive signals and bring them into the cell body (soma) 

What is a cell body?

the central part of a neuron that contains the nucleus and is responsible for the cell's metabolic activity; soma

What is an axolemma?

 the cell membrane that surrounds the axon of a neuron

What is an axon hillock?

part of cell body that connects to the axon 

What is a telodendria?

the branches of the axon

What are sensory neurons?

nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

What are interneurons?

the cells in between sensory neurons and motor neurons

What is motor neurons?

nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary and involuntary movements by sending signals from the brain to muscles

___________ synapses with the ___________ with the _____________

Sensory neuron…interneuron… motor neuron

What are the two types of receptors?

exteroreceptors and interoceptors

What is the function of exteroceptors?

receiving information from outside of your body 

What is the function of interoceptors?

receiving information from inside your body (i.e hunger)

What is the neuroglia?

supporting cells to the neuron

What is the function of astrocytes?

forms the blood-brain barrier; prevents toxins, pathogens, and other harmful substances from entering the brain

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

make up myelin sheath

What is the function of ependymal cells?

makes cerebral spinal fluid

What are Schwann cells?

myelinated cells

In between the Schwann cells, there are _________

the nodes of Ranvier

What is the function of the nodes of Ranvier?

makes nerve signals/impulses move faster through the axon

What are the 2 types of matters?

White matter and Gray matter

What is white matter?

Myelinated tissue located within the brain

What is gray matter?

non-myelinated tissue located within the brain

What is the difference between white matter and gray matter?

White matter is myelinated while gray matter is not

What are the three types of neuroglia?

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells

What is saltatory propagation”?

it is when the nerve impulse skips from one node of Ranvier to another

What is an example of a cholinergic neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine

What is an example of an adrenergic neurotransmitter?

norepinephrine (Adrenal gland)

What is the function of the cerebrum?

higher thinking & thought processes

What is the function of the cerebellum?

balance and coordination

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

responsible for autonomic functions; apart of the brain stem

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata

What are the two parts of the diencephalon?

the thalamus and the hypothalamus

(thalamus is on top, hypothalamus is on the bottom)

What is the function of the thalamus?

relays all sensory information ( except smell and proprioception ) to the brain

What is another name for the limbic brain?

“the emotional brain”

What is the function of the longitudinal fissure?

it separates the right and left cerebral hemispheres (of the brain)

What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?

 coordinates/connects the cerebral hemispheres (of the brain)

What fibers make up the corpus callosum?

commissural fibers 

What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?

predicts the consequences of one’s actions

What does the Broca area (of the brain) control?

speech production

What does the Wernicke’s area (of the brain) control?

hearing/ language comprehension 

If someone has a problem speaking, they have a problem in their __________?

Broca’s Area

If someone has a problem understanding speech, they have a problem in their _______?

Wernicke’s area 

How many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

12

What does the facial nerve control?

Sides of the face

What is a facial condition caused by the malfunction of the facial nerve?

Bell’s palsy

What is Bell’s palsy?

Paralysis of one part of the facial nerve

 Which cranial nerve causes shoulder shrugs?

Cranial nerve XI (eleven) —— the accessory nerve

What does CN I (one) control?

olfactory; sense of smell

 What is the name of CN XI (eleven)?

the Accessory nerve

What muscles does the CN XI (eleven) control?

the trapezium and the s.c.m (sternocleidomastoid)

What is another name for the vagus nerve?

CN X

(Cranial Nerve 10)

What does the vagus nerve (CN X) control?

the parasympathetic nervous system

(it is the primary nerve) **

What is the function of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

it is responsible for balance & hearing ; (located inside the inner ear)

What is the function of the glossopharyngeal nerve?

It is responsible for the ability to swallow

What is gyri?

the elevations on the cerebrum

What is sulci?

the grooves in between the gyri

What is the difference between gyri and sulci?

Gyri are the elevations of the cerebrum whereas the sulci are the grooves in between the gyri

The spinal cord ends at ________?

 L1 and L2 (on the Conus Medullaris )

The tapered part of the spinal cord is the _________?

Conus Medullaris

The extension of the spinal cord is the ____________?

 Cauda Equina 

The anchor of the spinal cord is the _______?

 Filum Terminale

The three meninges in order (from deep to superficial) is?

Pia (inside), Arachnoid (middle), Dura (out),

The three meninges in order (from superficial to deep) is?

Dura (out), Arachnoid (middle), Pia (inside)

  Are spinal nerves sensory, motor, or both?

Spinal nerves are both sensory and motot.

What is in the posterior root of the spinal nerve?

Sensory neurons (that goes into the posterior aspect of the spinal cord)

How many pairs of nerves are in the spinal cord?

31

What is in the posterior root ganglia of the spinal nerve?

sensory nerve cell bodies (that goes into the posterior aspect of the spinal cord)

What is in the anterior root of the spinal nerve?

motor neurons (that exit the spinal cord)

What is the outer covering of the spinal cord?

the Dura Matter

Where is the subdural space?

it is between the dura matter and the arachnoid matter

Where does the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid) flow?

the subarachnoid space

What makes the white matter white?

it is white because it is myelinated

What are the layers of the nerves?

epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium

What spinal nerves make up the brachial plexus?

  C5 to T1

What nerve innervates the diaphragm?

phrenic nerve; (helps breathing; C3- C5) 

What spinal nerves make up the cervical plexus?

C1 to C5

if someone severs his spinal cord below the level of C2, can he breathe on his own??

no; because the phrenic nerve is located at C3 to C5

if someone severs his spinal cord below the level of C7, can he breathe on his own?

yes; because the phrenic nerve is located at C3 to C5

What does the epinerium cover?

the whole nerve

What does the pernerium cover?

fascicles of the nerve

What does the endonerum cover?

the axons of the fascicles of the nerve