AP EURO - UNITS 1-

What climatic period occurred from 1300 to 1800 that affected agriculture?

The Little Ice Age, characterized by colder and wetter conditions.

What were the social consequences of poor harvests during the Little Ice Age?

Abandonment of homesteads and discrimination against Jews.

What disease spread to Europe in 1347 and had a significant mortality rate?

The Bubonic plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia Pestis.

How did the Bubonic plague spread to humans?

Through fleas that jumped from infected rats to humans along trade routes, particularly the Silk Road.

What were some of the misguided beliefs about the causes of the plague?

People believed poisons in the air or bad fluids in the body caused the disease.

What economic effects did the Black Death have on Europe?

Higher wages due to labor shortages, rise in prices

What was the primary cause of the Hundred Years' War?

Dispute over the succession to the French throne, particularly regarding the duchy of Aquitaine.

Who was Joan of Arc and what role did she play in the Hundred Years' War?

A French peasant girl who led the French army to victory at Orleans and helped crown Charles VII.

What was the outcome of Joan of Arc's capture?

She was tried for heresy and burned at the stake in Rouen.

How did the Hundred Years' War affect the wool trade?

The war disrupted the wool trade, which was vital for Flemish merchants and English prosperity.

What was the significance of the English longbow in the Hundred Years' War?

It was more powerful than the French crossbow and allowed for rapid reloading, contributing to English victories.

What were the consequences of the Hundred Years' War for France?

Significant loss of life, destruction of farmland, economic losses, and heavy taxation on citizens.

What role did the Mongols play in the spread of the Black Death?

They introduced the plague to the city of Kaffa through biological warfare.

What was the reaction of Christians to the plague?

Many turned to religious fervor, believing it was punishment from God, and some blamed Jews for the disease.

What were some of the bizarre methods used to ward off the plague?

Burning incense, holding strong-smelling herbs to the nose

What was the role of royal propaganda during the Hundred Years' War?

It fostered nationalism

What was the Treaty of Paris and its significance in the Hundred Years' War?

it affirmed English control over Aquitaine256,

What was the effect of the plague on the social structure in Europe?

It led to a decline in feudal loyalty as knights fought for pay and common folk enlisted for pardons.

What was the initial response of the English to the French fleet in 1337?

The French fleet was completely destroyed when it tried to land soldiers on English soil.

What was the significance of the year 1429 in relation to Joan of Arc?

Joan led the French army to victory at Orleans and Charles VII was crowned King of France.

What was the long-term impact of the Hundred Years' War on England?

England faced enormous financial losses

What was the Babylonian Captivity?

A period from 1309 to 1376 when the Popes resided in Avignon, damaging papal prestige and disconnecting church leadership from Rome.

Who was Pope Gregory XI?

The Pope who brought the papal court back to Rome in 1377 but died shortly after.

What caused the Great Schism?

Pope Urban VI's election was declared invalid, leading to the election of Pope Clement, dividing the Western Church

Which countries recognized Pope Urban VI and Pope Clement during the Great Schism?

France recognized Clement, England recognized Urban, while Scotland supported Clement and Germans supported Urban.

What was the main objective of the Great Council at Constance?

To wipe out heresy, end the schism, and reform the church.

What happened to John Hus at the Great Council?

He was tried, condemned, and burned at the stake as a heretic

What were confraternities?

Voluntary lay groups organized by occupation or charitable activity, sometimes praying for souls.

What was the impact of the Black Death on labor in England?

It cut the labor supply, leading peasants to demand higher wages.

What was the Statute of Laborers?

A law issued in 1351 that froze wages and bound workers to their manors.

What was the English Peasant Revolt of 1381?

A violent uprising where peasants, artisans, and the poor rose against tax collectors, including the archbishop of Canterbury.

What were Fur Collar Crimes?

Crimes involving violence and fraud by nobles against the poor

What was the Statute of Kilkenny?

A law that prohibited marriage between immigrants and natives in Ireland and enforced English cultural practices.

How did the vernacular impact literacy in the late Middle Ages?

The increasing use of local languages in writing and speaking led to greater literacy among laypeople.

What were two significant literary works in the vernacular during the late Middle Ages?

Dante's Divine Comedy and Chaucer's Canterbury Tales.

What was the role of women in brothels during the late Middle Ages?

Many women, especially from poorer classes, turned to prostitution due to economic necessity

What was the significance of the Great Schism on religious faith?

It weakened the religious faith of many Christians due to the division within the church.

Who were William Occam and Marsiglio of Padua?

Philosophers who questioned the relationship between reason and faith and argued for limited government power and church reform.

What did John Wyclif advocate for?

He argued that Scriptures alone should be the standard of Christian belief and that Christians should read the Bible.

What social conditions contributed to peasant revolts in the 14th and 15th centuries?

Difficult living conditions, heavy taxation, and the aftermath of the Black Death

What were the characteristics of lay piety and mysticism during this period?

The mystique of the clergy weakened, and lay groups engaged in devotional practices, with individuals like Bridget of Sweden experiencing visions.

What was the response of cities to the issue of prostitution by the late 15th century?

Cities began to impose harsher penalties for prostitution as it became a significant urban problem.

What system allowed wealthy families and the church to hire artists during the Renaissance?

The system of Patronage.

What was the Commercial Revolution?

A change in business procedures and a growth in trade that increased wealth in Italian cities.

Which Italian city became a commercial hub for various goods during the Renaissance?

Florence.

What role did Florentine mercantile families play in banking?

They acquired control of papal banking and set up offices in major European cities.

What were communes in Northern Italy?

Sworn associations of free men led by members of merchant guilds seeking independence from nobles.

What is a signori?

A government in which one man ruled and handed down his right to rule to his son.

What characterized the political structure of Florence during the Renaissance?

It was a republican form of government but was effectively ruled by the Medici family.

Who were the three generations of the Medici family that ruled Florence?

Cosimo, Piero, and Lorenzo.

What was the significance of Pope Alexander VI during the Renaissance?

He was known for his ruthlessness and political skill, aided by his son Cesare Borgia.

What event led to the expulsion of the Medici family from Florence in 1494?

The French invasion of Italy, following Girolamo Savonarola's predictions of divine punishment.

What was Humanism?

The main intellectual component of the Renaissance focused on the study of Latin classics and the Humanities.

Who were Humanists?

Individuals who studied and translated Latin classics, becoming interested in Greek philosophy and Roman literature.

What does 'virtu' refer to in the context of Renaissance thought?

The ability to shape the world around according to one's will

How did Humanists view education for men during the Renaissance?

They believed studying the classics would prepare men

What was the debate among Humanists regarding education for women?

Many felt education would be beneficial for women but not proper since their focus was on private life.

What was the impact of the Printing Press on Renaissance ideas?

It greatly accelerated the spread of new ideas throughout Europe.

What was the role of the Medici family in the Catholic Church?

They produced three Popes and influenced church politics

What was the relationship between the Borgia family and the Vatican?

The Borgia family engaged in corrupt practices and sought political power within the church.

What was the effect of the merger between Northern Italian nobility and the commercial elite?

It created a powerful oligarchy that ruled the cities.

Who were the Popolo?

The common people in Italian cities who heavily taxed.

What was the focus of women during the Renaissance according to societal views?

Women were seen as focused on private and domestic life, primarily the family.

What is the main purpose of Castiglione's book 'The Courtier'?

'The Courtier' trained young men in the courtly ideal

What happened to Niccolo Machiavelli when the Medici family returned to power?

He was arrested, tortured, and imprisoned for plotting against them.

What is the main argument of Machiavelli's 'The Prince'?

A ruler should use any means necessary to preserve order and security, including brutality and manipulation, but should avoid being hated.

What quality did Machiavelli believe effective rulers should possess?

Virtù, which refers to the ability to adapt and respond effectively to changing circumstances.

Who were the Christian Humanists and what did they advocate?

They were individuals who believed in combining the best elements of Christianity with classical learning.

What is the premise of Thomas More's 'Utopia'?

'Utopia' describes an ideal community where education is valued, and poverty and hunger are addressed by a kind government.

What was Erasmus's contribution to the Renaissance?

Erasmus called for a renewal of early church ideals alongside classical ideas, emphasizing inner spirituality and personal morality.

How did Petrarch contribute to the spread of humanist ideas?

He translated Greek works into Latin and sought to merge Christian ideals with classical learning.

What was a notable change in artistic styles during the Renaissance?

Artists began to include themselves and their patrons in religious scenes, and individual portraits became a distinct genre.

Who was Giotto and what was his contribution to Renaissance art?

Giotto led the way in realism

What technique did Mantegna pioneer in Renaissance art?

Linear perspective

What did Donatello revive in his sculptures?

The classical figure, emphasizing balance and self-awareness.

What architectural innovation is Brunelleschi known for?

buildings with rounded arches and a balanced use of light.

Which Flemish painter was noted for successfully using oil-based paints?

Jan van Eyck.

How did the status of artists change during the Renaissance?

Some artists became wealthy and popular figures

What limitations did female artists face in the Renaissance?

Women were not allowed to study the male nude, could not paint frescos in public, had no access to academies or universities,

What characterized the hierarchy based on wealth in 15th century Europe?

A hierarchy based on wealth emerged, with wealthy merchant classes in cities, poorer nobles above wealthy commoners, and wealthy merchants buying noble titles.

Who was Christine de Pizan and what was her contribution to the debate about women?

Christine de Pizan was the first Italian woman writer who defended women and wrote 'Treasure of the Cities of Ladies,' addressing women's secondary status.

What significant military event occurred in France by 1453?

French armies expelled the English from French soil except Calais, leading to the reorganization of the royal council by Charles and the establishment of a permanent royal army.

What was the War of the Roses?

A civil war for control of the crown in England between the houses of York and Lancaster

How did Henry VII restore royal authority in England?

Summoned Parliament for law confirmations, and appointed his own council members rather than high-ranking nobles.

What was the significance of the marriage between Isabella of Castille and Ferdinand of Aragon?

Their marriage unified Spain, leading to the exclusion of high nobles from the royal council and the establishment of a National Church.

What was the outcome of the Reconquista in 1492?

Isabella and Ferdinand took over Granada, marking the end of the Reconquista and expelling all practicing Jews from Spain shortly thereafter.

What was the role of Jews in Spain prior to the expulsion?

Jews contributed to the economy and royal power through their intelligence and money

What was the Spanish Inquisition and its main focus?

The Spanish Inquisition, allowed by Pope Sixtus IV in 1478, aimed to investigate conversos for incomplete conversions and enforced purity of blood laws.

What were the Purity of Blood laws?

Laws that forbade individuals with Jewish ancestry from holding positions of power in the church or government, based on the belief that Jewish status was hereditary.

What was the significance of the royal council in England under Henry VII?

The royal council became the center of royal authority, negotiating with foreign governments and securing recognition of the Tudor Dynasty.

What was the relationship between wealth and nobility in Renaissance Europe?

Wealthy merchants gained noble titles and status through marriage and alliances

What challenges did peasants face regarding access to the art world?

Peasants had limited access to the art world, which was dominated by wealthier classes and urban centers.

What were the consequences of the War of the Roses for England?

hurt trade, agriculture, and domestic industry, leading to significant social and economic disruption.

What trade routes connected the Old World before Columbus?

Afro-Eurasian trade routes, including the Trans-Saharan and Indian Ocean trade.

What role did monsoon wind patterns play in trade?

They enabled cross-oceanic travel and shaped the prosperity of Indian Ocean trade.

What was the significance of India in the Indian Ocean trade?

India was the center of trade, growing most of the world's pepper and cotton.

What were the main goods traded in the Indian Ocean?

Ivory, spices, and enslaved peoples.

What inspired Europeans to seek gold from Africa?

Mansa Musa's famous pilgrimage to Mecca.

What was the Abbasid Caliphate's role in trade?

It controlled a vast region and promoted trade through technological advancements.

Which two Italian cities monopolized trade with the East?

Venice and Genoa.