Ap HuG: Chapter 3 & 4 (Unit 2)

population distribution

the pattern of human settlement; the spread of people across the earth

Temperate Climates

Moderate in temperature, neither very hot nor very cold; conducive for human settlement

Population Density

A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

Arithmetic Density

The total number of people per unit area of land; also called crude density

Physiological Density

The total number of people per unit of arable land

Arable Land

Land that can be used to grow crops

Agricultural Density

The total number of farmers per unit of arable land

Subsistence Agriculture

An agricultural practice that provides crops or livestock to feed one's family and close community using fewer mechanical resources and more people to care for the crops and livestock

Demographics

Data about the structures and characteristics of human populations (age, gender, income, religion)

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of births in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children one woman in a given country or region will have during her child-bearing years

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths in a given year per 1,000 people in a given population

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births

Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Sex Ratio

The proportion of males to females in a population

Life Expectancy

The average number of years a person is expected to live in a given population

Population Pyramids

A graph that shows the age-sex distribution of a given population

Cartogram

A type of map that represents data by distorting the size of areas according to a specific variable, such as population size or economic output. The shape and size of geographic areas are manipulated to reflect data quantities.

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain indefinitely, given the resources such as food, water, and habitat available in the environment.

Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)

The difference between the birth rate and the death rate of a population, usually expressed as a percentage. It shows how quickly a population is growing or shrinking without factoring in migration.

Doubling Time

The number of years it will take for a population to double in size at its current growth rate. It is calculated using the formula 70 divided by the Rate of Natural Increase (RNI).

Urbanization

The process by which rural areas are transformed into urban areas, with increasing numbers of people living in cities and towns, often accompanied by shifts in economic activities and infrastructure development.

Pronatalist Policies

Government policies designed to encourage people to have more children, typically implemented in response to declining birth rates and an aging population.

Antinatalist Policies:

Government policies aimed at reducing the number of children born, often in response to overpopulation concerns. These policies may include incentives for smaller families, access to contraception, or penalties for having more children.

Demographic Transition Model (DTM)

A model that describes population change over time, transitioning through four (or five) stages based on birth and death rates. It explains how countries move from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they develop economically.

Epidemiological Transition Model (ETM)

A model that explains the shift in the predominant causes of death and disease as societies progress through different stages of development. It identifies how public health, medical advancements, and economic development influence patterns of mortality and morbidity over time.