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Tragedy of the commons
The depletion of a shared resource by individuals acting in their own self-interest.
Clear Cutting
The process of cutting all trees in a given area at once for lumber or land clearance.
Externalities
Negative costs associated with human actions that affect others, e.g., pollution without penalties.
Soil erosion
The removal of topsoil, resulting in loss of soil fertility and increased sediment in water bodies.
Biodiversity loss
The decrease in the variety of species in a given ecosystem due to practices like monocropping.
Green Revolution
A period marked by the shift to industrial farming with mechanization and high-yield crop production.
Aquifers
Underground layers of water-bearing rock that can supply usable groundwater for humans.
IPM (Integrated Pest Management)
A sustainable approach to controlling pests that minimizes environmental impact.
Drip irrigation
An efficient watering method delivering water directly to plant roots, reducing water loss.
Bycatch
Unintended species caught in fishing nets, often leading to decreased biodiversity.
Slash and Burn
An agriculture practice that involves clearing land through cutting and burning vegetation.
Sustainable agriculture
Farming practices that maintain soil health and agricultural productivity over time.
Deforestation consequences
Negative outcomes from tree removal, including loss of biodiversity and increased carbon emissions.
Permaculture
An agricultural system that focuses on sustainable and self-sufficient farming practices.
Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs)
Crops that have been genetically engineered for desirable traits such as pest resistance.
Fossil fuels
Natural fuels like coal and oil formed from the remains of ancient organisms, contributing to climate change.
Food web disruption
Changes in the feeding relationships in an ecosystem that can lead to cascading effects.
Cafos (Concentrated Animal Feeding Operations)
Industrial farms where animals are raised in large numbers in confined spaces.
Trophic cascade
A cascading effect in the food web that occurs when a top predator is removed.
Organic fertilizers
Natural fertilizers made from plant and animal materials, in contrast to synthetic fertilizers.
Community-supported agriculture (CSA)
A system where consumers subscribe to receive seasonal produce from local farms.
Reforestation
The process of replanting trees in a previously forested area.
Environmental impact assessment
A process to evaluate the potential environmental effects of a proposed project.
Urbanization
The increasing population shift from rural to urban areas, often leading to environmental challenges.
Soil conservation methods
Techniques to prevent soil erosion and maintain soil fertility.
