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Learning
A relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience
Ivan Pavlov discovered what
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
A type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to elicit a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response
Neutral stimulus
A stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
Naturally brings about a particular response without having been learned
Unconditioned Response (UCR)
Is natural and needs no training
Conditioned Stimulus (CS)
A once neutral stimulus that has been paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
A response that, after conditioning, follows a previously neutral stimulus
Phobia
Are intense, irrational fears
Extinction
A basic learning phenomenon that occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and disappears
Spontaneous Recovery
The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning
Stimulus Generalization
A process in which after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response
Stimulus Discrimination
The process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another, and provides that ability to differentiate between stimuli
Operant Conditioning
Learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on the response’s favorable or unfavorable consequences
Thorndikes Law of Effect
Responses that lead to satisfying consequences are more likely to be repeated
The Skinner Box
A chamber with a highly controlled environment, used to study operant conditioning with laboratory animals
Reinforcement
The process by which a stimulus increases then probability that a preceding behavior will be repeated
Reinforcer
Ant stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again
Primary Reinforcer
Sastifies some biological need and works naturally, regardless of previous experience
ex : food, water
Secondary Reinforcer
Ex : money
Positive Reinforcer
A stimulus added to the environment that brings about an increases in a preceding response
Negative Reinforcer
An unpleasant stimulus whose removal leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated
Punishment
A stimulus that decreases the probability that a previous behavior will occur again
Positive Punishment
Weakens an undesirable response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus
adds something to the environment
Ex: Spanking
Negative Punishment
Weakens an undesirable response through the removal of something pleasant
removes something from the environment
Ex: no video games
Pros of Punishment
Appropriate for dangerous behaviors
Temporary Suppression provides an opportunity to reinforce more desirable behaviors
Cons of punishment
Frequently ineffective.
Punished behavior may be replaced by even less desirable behavior.
Physical punishment can
cause harm.
Fear, lowered self-esteem.
Does not relay information about alternative, more desired behavior.
Schedule of Reinforcement
The pattern of frequency and timing of reinforcement following desired behavior(s)
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcing of a behavior every time it occurs
Partial(intermittent) reinforcement schedule
Reinforcing of a behavior some but not all of the time
Fixed-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are or have been made
Variable-Ratio Schedule
Reinforcement occurs after an average number of responses, but the reinforce t schedule is unpredictable
Fixed-Interval Schedule
Reinforcement is provided for a responses only after a fixed time period has elapsed
Variable-Interval Schedule
The time between reinforcements varies around some average rather than being fixed
Stimulus Control Training
Behavior reinforced in the presence of a specific stimulus, but not in its absence
Discriminative Stimulus
Signals the likelihood that reinforcement will follow a response
Shaping
The process of teaching a complex behavior by rewarding closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
Starr by reinforcing any behavior similar to the behavior you want the person to learn
Later, you reinforce only responses that are closer to the behavior you ultimately want to teach
Finally, you reinforce only the desired response
Behavior Modification
A technique for increasing the frequency of one’s desirable or undesirable behaviors
Typical steps for Behavior Modification
Identify goals and target behaviors you would like to reach or work on
Design a data-recording system and record preliminary data
Select a behavior-change strategy
Implement the program
Keep careful records after the program is implemented
Evaluate and alter the ongoing program
Cognitive Learning Theory
An approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.
Broken down to its basic formation, it suggests that it isn’t enough to think and say that people respond because there is an assumed link between a stimulus and a response
Instead, the idea is that people developed an expectation ( not a link ) that they will receive a reinforcer after making a response
Latent Learning
Learning in which a new behavior is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it
occurs without reinforcement
Cognitive Map
A ,metal representation of spatial locations and directions
According to what psychologist says a major part of human learning is observational learning b
Albert Bandura
Observational Learning
Learning by observing the behavior of another person or model
Classic Bobo doll experiment
Views as a social phenomenon, it is often referred to as. Asocial cognitive approach to learning g
What are the beliefs of the Order of Events concept on Operant Conditioning.
Reinforcement leads to an increase in behavior, and punishment leads to a decrease in behavior
Note
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