tophat + quiz questions for exam 3

Alcohol increase synaptic levels of dopamine in the nucleus accumbens by

Blocking the reuptake of dopamine by transporters

Inhibiting GABA neurons in the VTA

Inhibiting the metabolism of dopamine in the synaptic cleft

Increasing the production and release of endogenous opioids in the VTA

B and D

B and D

Why is THC less reinforcing than opioids and other highly abused drugs?

It interacts closely with the endogenous opioid system

It stimulates dopamine release in the Nacc

THC is only a partial agonist at the CB1 receptor

THC is an antagonist at the CB1 receptor

THC is only a partial agonist at the CB1 receptor

Which of the following has been found in brain imaging studies of long-term cannabis users?

Reduced gray matter volume in several brain areas

Down-regulation of central CB1 receptors in many areas of the brain

DA system abnormalities

All of the above

All of the above

The main descending pathway that modifies pain information from the spinal cord involves which structure?

NAc

Thalamus

PAG

hippocampus

PAG

Studies of reinforcement suggest that opioid drugs produce their effects by inhibiting

Dynorphin

Dopamine

GABA

B-endorphin

GABA

How is Salvinorin A different from most of the other psychedelic drugs?

It is a 5-HT2a antagonist

It has a molecular structure similar to norepinephrine

It is a k-opioid receptor agonist

It can only be taken orally

It is a k-opioid receptor agonist

PCP and ketamine are

Particle agonists at 5-HT2a receptors

Un-competitive antagonists at NMDA receptors

Allosteric modulators at NMDA receptors

Agonists at k-opioid receptors

Un-competitive antagonists at NMDA receptors

Which of the following is not an abnormality found in the brain of schizophrenic patients?

Cerebral atrophy

Increased connectivity between brain regions

Disorganized hippocampal cells

Ventricle enlargement

Increased connectivity between brain regions

Which model of schizophrenia was suggested by the fact that amphetamine users experience psychotic symptoms that could be reversed by DA antagonists?

Dopamine hypothesis

DA imbalance hypothesis

Neurodevelopmental model

Hypoglutamate hypothesis

Dopamine hypothesis

The effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs is due to

Blockage of many different receptor types

Anticholinergic action

Dopamine receptor antagonism

All of the above

Dopamine receptor antagonism

Which of the following best describes reactive depression?

A long-term depressive state that cannot be explained by a person's circumstances

A chemical imbalance

Depression characterized by period of mania alternating with periods of despondency

A depression that occurs after a troubling life event, such as divorce

A depression that occurs after a troubling life event, such as divorce

If inheritance plays a role in the risk of developing an affective disorder, the concordance rate will be highest in

Fraternal twins

Identical twins

Non-twin immediate family members

Identical twins

Which statement about risk factors for mood disorders is true?

Psychiatric disorders develop due to genetic factors alone

In the case of affective disorders, environmental triggers alone are enough to cause serious mood changes

The genetic factors involved in mood disorders indicate that an individual may be more susceptible to a disorder, not that they will definitely develop it

Environmental stress doesn't appear to play a role in mood disorders

The genetic factors involved in mood disorders indicate that an individual may be more susceptible to a disorder, not that they will definitely develop it

Animal studies on the acute and chronic effects of antidepressants on serotonin have shown that

The autoreceptors are activated acutely, causing a decrease in synthesis and release of 5-HT

The reuptake transporters remain open for the duration of the drug's action

Tolerance to the drug occurs at the autoreceptors sporadically, resulting in reduced 5-HT release

Serotonin occupancy of serotonin autoreceptors activates cell firing following chronic antidepressant treatment

The autoreceptors are activated acutely, causing a decrease in synthesis and release of 5-HT

Which class of antidepressant drugs elevates the amount of monoamine neurotransmitters available for release?

SSRIs

SNRIs

MAOIs

TCAs

MAOIs

Eating while drinking alcohol _________ its absorption by __________ enzymatic breakdown.

increases, decreasing

decreases, decreasing

increases, increasing

decreases, increasing

eating has no effect on alcohol absorption

decreases, increasing

The first step in the metabolism of alcohol is its conversion to

formaldehyde

acetaldehyde

acetic acid

aldehyde dehydrogenase

wine

acetaldehyde

Which of the following is not a chronic cellular effect of alcohol?

upregulation of glutamate receptors

increased dopamine cell firing

decrease in GABA function

decrease in endorphin levels

all of the above are chronic cellular effects of alcohol

increased dopamine cell firing

Alcohol is an _______ at GABA receptors, and an _________ at Glutamate receptors.

agonist, antagonist

agonist, agonist

antagonist, agonist

antagonist, antagonist

agonist, antagonist

Acutely, alcohol _________ dopamine transmission in the mesolimbic tract and _________ endogenous opioid synthesis and release

increases, increases

increases, decreases

decreases, decreases

decreases, increases

increases, has no effect on

increases, increases

Korsakoff's syndrome is caused by

Fetal Alcohol syndrom

fatty liver disease

damage to the thalamus from chronic vitamin B1 deficiency

alcohol-withdrawal

all of the above can cause Korsakoff's syndrome

damage to the thalamus from chronic vitamin B1 deficiency

Oral administration of marijuana

results in a shorter duration of action of the drug than smoking

yields low but consistent levels of drug in the body

results in a longer duration of action of the drug

is an easy way to regulate the amount of drug entering the body

results in a longer duration of action of the drug

Which statement regarding CB1 cannabinoid receptors is false?

it is expressed in many brain regions

it is an ionotropic receptor

it plays a role in the intoxication effects of marijuana

presynaptic CB1 receptors on nerve terminals have an inhibitory effect on transmitter release

all of the above are true

it is an ionotropic receptor

___ increases regional brain activation and blood flow in some brain regions, while ___ has the opposite effect

THC; CBD

CBD; THC

methylphenidate; hemp

hemp; methylphenidate

THC; CBD

The development of tolerance to cannabis

involves down-regulation of CB1 receptors

involves up-regulation of CB1 receptors

occurs in response to moderate cannabis use

occurs in response to heavy chronic cannabis use

both A and D

both A and D

amygdala

panic/paranoia

basal ganglia

slowed reaction time

hypothalamus

increased appetite

nucleus accumbens

euphoria

hippocampus

impaired memory

All of the following are acute effects of the class of drugs call narcotic analgesics except

drowsiness

pain relief

diarrhea

dulling of negative emotions

all of the above are acute opioid effects

diarrhea

One common effect of increasing opiate dose is

euphoria

elevated respiration rate

increased sex drive

increased awareness of one's surroundings

both A and B

euphoria

Opiates are dangerous at high doses due mostly to

their effects on cardiac muscle

the increased likelihood of a stroke

the suppression of the brainstem's respiratory center

an overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system

opiates are safe at high doses

the suppression of the brainstem's respiratory center

Which of the following is false regarding endogenous opioids and opioid receptors?

they stimulate neurotransmission in two ways

they block Ca2+ presynaptically

they open K+ channels postsynaptically

endogenous opioids are never co-released with other neurotransmitters

both A and D are false

both A and D are false

periaquiductal gray

analgesia

VTA/NAc

euphoria

brain stem

respiratory depression

amygdala/limbic system

dulling of negative emotions

Which of the following is not a psychedelic drug?

mescaline

5-HT

LSD

DMT

all of the above are psychedelic drugs

5-HT

What is the mechanism of action psychedelic mushrooms?

After ingestion, psilocybin is converted to psilocin, which is the psychoactive agent

Mescaline is extracted from the mushrooms and consumed as a powder that contains the psychoactive agent

b-carbolines in the mushrooms block DMT breakdown in the liver so that DMT reaches the brain and produces psychedelic effects

the psychoactive substance, salvinorin A, is released when the mushrooms are eaten

after ingestion, psilocybin is converted to psilocin, which is the psychoactive agent

What is responsible for the unusually long length of an LSD "trip"?

the subjective feelings of the "trip" last long after the drug has worn off due to memory effects

after receptor binding, a lid - like structure formed from the receptor protein temporarily traps the drug in the binding pocket

the receptor binding process slows down such that the drug effects last longer than usual

the drug's potency combined with its fast metabolism results in a long "trip"

after receptor binding, a lid-like structure formed from the receptor protein temporarily traps the drug in the binding pocket

PCP and ketamine act on the postsynaptic cell by

blocking the NMDA receptor at the glutamate site

stimulating the receptor where NMDA normally binds

acting as a competitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor

acting as an uncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor

acting as an uncompetitive antagonist at the NMDA receptor

A secondary consequence of NMDA receptor antagonism is _________ presynaptic glutamate release, which may result from ________ of receptors on inhibitory GABAergic interneurons that innervate the cortical neurons.

decreased; blockade

decreased; opening

increased; blockade

increased; opening

increased; blockade

Which hypothesis was developed after it was shown that the effects of high doses of ketamine are similar to symptoms of schizophrenia?

a major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the glutamatergic system, particularly NMDA receptor signaling

a major factor in schizophrenia is 5-HT2A receptor down-regulation

a major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the serotonergic system due to 5-HT inhibition

a major factor in schizophrenia is decreased dopaminergic transmission in the prefrontal cortex

a major factor in schizophrenia is hypoactivity of the glutamatergic system, particularly NMDA receptor signaling

Self-administration studies in animals have shown that

both PCP and ketamine are highly reinforcing for several species

PCP and ketamine are not rewarding for the species tested

the reward effects of PCP and ketamine are unique and not dependent upon dopamine

PCP's reward effects are dopamine-dependent, while ketamine's effects are dopamine-independent

both PCP and ketamine are highly reinforcing for several species

A change observed in the brains of people with schizophrenia is

enlarged volume of the temporal lobe and limbic structures

shrinkage of the ventricles

increase in definition of selected cortical layers

disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells

all of the above

disorganized arrangement of hippocampal cells

Which model of schizophrenia integrates the neurochemical data with the neuroanatomical findings concerning the disorder?

the dopamine hypothesis

the glutamate-dopamine model

the DA imbalance hypothesis

the neurodevelopmental model

the neurodevelopmental model

Which of the following is associated with the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia?

cognitive functions are most affected by the excess activity in the disinhibited mesolimbic pathway

early damage to the indirect basal ganglia pathway results in the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

high mesolimbic DA activity following mesocortical cell loss may explain the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia

the model attempts to identify the cause of the proposed early mesocortical cell loss

high mesolimbic DA activity following mesocortical cell loss may explain the dramatic positive symptoms of schizophrenia

Which statement about glutamate and DA in regard to symptoms associated with schizophrenia is true?

overabundance of glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function

insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decreases in PFC function

NMDA receptors have indirect excitatory effects on or midbrain mesolimbic DA neurons that project to limbic regions

schizophrenic symptoms are due to increased DA function in mesocortical neurons along with reduced DA function in mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons

both C and D are true

insufficient glutamate at the NMDA receptor may be a precursor to DA dysfunction and may explain increases in mesolimbic DA and decrease in PFC function

mesolimbic pathways

effects on positive symptoms

mesocortical pathways

effects on cognitive and negative symptoms

nigrostriatal pathway

motor side effects

tuberohypophyseal pathway

neuroendocrine side effects

The effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in reducing positive symptoms is due to:

blockage of many different receptor types

anticholinergic action

dopamine receptor antagonism

5-HT receptor antagonism

all of the above

dopamine receptor antagonism

Which of the following is true regarding the monoamine hypothesis of depression?

depression is associated with low levels of monoamines

depression is associated with high levels of monoamines

the model explains depression perfectly

lowering levels monoamines always produces depression

increasing monoamine levels always alleviates depression

depression is associated with low levels of monoamines

Most antidepressants ________ 5-HT by ________ reuptake through SERT

increase, increasing

increase, blocking

decrease, increasing

decrease, blocking

increase, blocking

Which of the following is NOT part of the neuropathology associated with depression?

increased volume of the hippocampus

changes in blood flow in the frontal cortex

impaired HPA function

adverse impacts on neurogenesis and cell survival

all of the above are neuropathologies associated with depression

increased volume of the hippocampus

Which of the following is evidence of serotonin dysfunction in depression?

high levels of serotonin metabolites are found in postmortem brains of depressed individuals

5-HT receptor knockout mice have depression-like symptoms

most antidepressant medications increase 5-HT

all of the above are evidence for 5-HT dysfunction in depression

both B and C

both B and C

Anxiety and fear are the same emotion

True

False

False

Most anxiolytic medications work by reducing NE neuron firing in the LC

True

False

True

Which of the following is true regarding benzodiazepines?

they reduce anxiety in people with anxiety disorders

they bind to GABA receptors and enhance GABA function

people with panic disorders have less benzodiazepine binding than people without anxiety disorders

all of the above are true

all of the above are true