PERDEV 101 Preliminary Exam

Developmental psychology

•is an area that looks at human growth and development over the lifespan including cognitive abilities, morality, social functioning, identity, and other life areas.

Abnormal

Biological

Clinical

Cognitive

Comparative

Developmental

Forensic

Industrial-organizational

Personality

Social

Types of Psychology

Abnormal psychology

•is the study of abnormal behavior and psychopathology. This specialty area is focused on research and treatment of a variety of mental disorders and is linked to psychotherapy and clinical psychology.

Biological psychology (biopsychology)

•studies how biological processes influence the mind and behavior. This area is closely linked to neuroscience and utilizes tools such as MRI and PET scans to look at brain injury or brain abnormalities.

Clinical psychology

•is focused on the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders.

Cognitive psychology

•is the study of human thought processes including attention, memory, perception, decision-making, problem-solving, and language acquisition.

Comparative psychology

•is the branch of psychology concerned with the study of animal behavior.

Forensic psychology

•is an applied field focused on using psychological research and principles in the legal and criminal justice system.

Psychology

is the study of mind and behavior. It encompasses the biological influences, social pressures, and environmental factors that affect how people think, act, and feel.

psyche

The word "psychology" itself is derived from the Greek word,. literally meaning "life" or "breath." Derived meanings of the word include "soul" or "self."

Industrial-organizational psychology

•is a field that uses psychological research to enhance work performance and select employees.

Personality psychology

• focuses on understanding how personality develops as well as the patterns of thoughts, behaviors, and characteristics that make each individual unique.

Social psychology

•focuses on group behavior, social influences on individual behavior, attitudes, prejudice, conformity, aggression, and related topics.

Structuralism

•Wundt and Titchener's _________was the earliest school of thought, but others soon began to emerge.

Functionalism

•The early psychologist and philosopher William James became associated with a school of thought known as _____________, which focused its attention on the purpose of human consciousness and behavior.

Psychoanalysis

•these initial schools of thought gave way to several dominant and influential approaches to psychology. Sigmund Freud's ________ centered on how the unconscious mind impacted human behavior.

Behaviorism

•The ______________ school of thought turned away from looking at internal influences on behavior and sought to make psychology the study of observable behaviors.

Humanistic psychology

•Later, the _________ approach centered on the importance of personal growth and self-actualization.

Cognitive psychology

•By the 1960s and 1970s, the cognitive revolution spurred the investigation of internal mental processes such as thinking, decision-making, language development, and memory.

Personality management

•refers to the process of developing, enhancing, and changing one's personality over time. Such development occurs naturally over the course of life, but it can also be modified through intentional efforts.

Personality

When we meet new people, it is often their____________ that grabs our attention.

Ludovica Colella

•“Personality is a blend of behavioral and thought patterns that are relatively stable over time, characterizing an individual's traits and attitudes," says ____________, a CBT therapist and author of "The Feel Good Journal."

Personality development

refers to the process by which the organized thought and behavior patterns that make up a person's unique personality emerge over time. Many factors influence personality, including genetics and environment, how we were parented, and societal variables.

Temperament

•is a key part of personality that is determined by inherited traits.

Character

is an aspect of personality influenced by experience and social learning that continues to grow and change throughout life

•Stage 1: Oral stage (birth to 1 year)

•Stage 2: Anal stage (1 to 3 years)

•Stage 3: Phallic stage (3 to 6 years)

•Stage 4: Latent period (age 6 to puberty)

•Stage 5: Genital stage (puberty to death)

•During the five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages, the erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source of pleasure.

•Psychosexual energy, or the libido, was described as the driving force behind behavior.

Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development

•In his well-known stage theory of psychosexual development, Sigmund Freud suggested that personality develops in stages that are related to specific erogenous zones. These stages are:

the id, the ego, and the superego

According to Freud, the basic driving force of personality and behavior is known as the libido. •This libidinal energy fuels the three components that make up personality: the id, the ego, and the superego.

The id

•is the aspect of personality present at birth. It is the most primal part of the personality and drives people to fulfill their most basic needs and urges.

The ego

is the aspect of personality charged with controlling the urges of the id and forcing it to behave in realistic ways.

The superego

is the final aspect of personality to develop and contains all of the ideals, morals, and values imbued by our parents and culture

•Erikson's eight stages are:

•Stage 1: Trust versus mistrust (birth to 1 year)

•Stage 2: Autonomy versus shame and doubt (1 to 2 years)

•Stage 3: Initiative versus guilt (3 to 5 years)

•Stage 4: Industry versus inferiority (6 to 11 years)

•Stage 5: Identity versus role confusion (12 to 18 years)

•Stage 6: Intimacy versus isolation (19 to 40 years)

•Stage 7: Generativity versus stagnation (41 to 64 years)

•Stage 8: Integrity versus despair (65 years to death)

Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development

•Erik Erikson’s eight-stage theory of human development is another well-known theory in psychology. While it builds on Freud’s stages of psychosexual development, Erikson chose to focus on how social relationships impact personality development.

•The theory also extends beyond childhood to look at development across the entire lifespan.

Piaget's four stages are:

•Stage 1: Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years)

•Stage 2: Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years)

•Stage 3: Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years)

•Stage 4: Formal operational stage (12 years and up)

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development

•Jean Piaget’s theory of cognitive development remains one of the most frequently cited in psychology

•While many aspects of Piaget's theory have not stood the test of time, the central idea remains important today: Children think differently than adults.

•According to Piaget, children progress through a series of four stages that are marked by distinctive changes in how they think. And how children think about themselves, others, and the world around them plays an essential role in personality development.

•Stage 1: Obedience and punishment

•Stage 2: Individualism and exchange

•Stage 3: Developing good interpersonal relationships

•Stage 4: Maintaining social order

•Stage 5: Social contract and individual rights

•Stage 6: Universal principles

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development

•Lawrence Kohlberg developed a theory of personality development that focused on the growth of moral thought. Building on a two-stage process proposed by Piaget, Kohlberg expanded the theory to include six different stages: