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Charles de Gaulle
After France fell, a French general named Charles de Gaulle fled to England, where he set up a govern- ment-in-exile. De Gaulle proclaimed defiantly, "France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war."
Nuremburg Trials
the Allies put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes.
defendants included Hitler's most trusted party officials, government ministers, military leaders, and powerful industrialists.
Rationing
Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military
GI Bill of Rights
Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education (paid buy the federal government)
Dwight D. Eisenhower
leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA
the president when Russia and USA have H-bomb
Kristallnacht
"Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany
Fascism
established by Mussolini
stresses nationalism and placed the interest of the state above those of individuals
Stalin
took control of Russia
the communist party leader
focused on creating a model communist state
made both agricultural and industrial growth the prime economic goals of the Soviet Union
Kamikaze
suicide-planes
attack in which Japanese pilots crashed their bomb-laden planes into Allied ships
Nazism
the german brand of facism
based on extreme nationalism
wanted to enforce racial purification
D-Day
the first day of the invasion of France three divisions parachuted down behind German lines German retaliation was brutal
George Patton
Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.
War Production Board
decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production and allocated raw materials to key industries
Neutrality Acts
in an effort to keep the United States out of future wars
first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war
third act was passed in response to the fighting in Spain, extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations engaged in civil wars
Genocide
the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population
Atlantic Charter
joint declaration of war aims
pledged collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas
Mussolini
established a totalitarian regime in Italy, where unemployment and inflation produced bitter strikes, some communist-led
established the fascist party by 1921
Neville Chamberlain
British Prime Minister who signed a peace treaty with Germany, proclaiming: "My friends, there has come back from Germany peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time."
Francisco Franco
led a group of Spanish army officers in 1936 to rebel against the Spanish republic
Totalitarian
government that maintains complete control over its citizens
individuals have no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition.
J. Robert Oppenheimer
led the Manhattan Project "Father of the Atomic Bomb."
Winston Churchill
Chamberlain's political rival in Great Britain
"Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war."
Harry Truman
Became the 33rd president when FDR died gave the order to drop the atomic bomb
Chester Nimitz
commander of america naval forces in the Pacific moved to defend on the island
Nagasaki
Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945. an estimated 200,000 people had died as a result of injuries and radiation poisoning caused by the atomic blasts
Appeasement
giving up principles to pacify an aggressor
A. Phillip Randolph
He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. protest discrimination both in the military and industry organized a march on Washington marched under the banner "We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and Fight for Our Country."
Nonaggression Pact
on August 23, 1939 fascist Germany and communist Russia now committed never to attack each other
Japanese American Citizens League
founded in 1929 to protect Japanese Americans' civil rights, worked for decades to receive government compensation for property lost by Japanese Americans interned in camps during World War II.
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
confronted urban segregation in the North staged its first sit-in at a segregated Chicago restaurant
Manhattan Project
code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II
Axis Powers
Germany, Italy, and Japan, who had a mutual defense treaty
Lend-Lease Act
the president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States."
Blitzkrieg
lightning war; made use of advances in military technology—such as fast tanks and more powerful aircraft—to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force
George Marshall
United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959) army chief of staff pushed for the formation of WAAC (Women's Auxiliary Army Corps)
Ethel and Julius Rosenberg
minor activists in the American Communist Party
claimed they were being persecuted both for being Jewish and for holding radical beliefs
found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death
Alliance for Progress
offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries invested almost 12 billion in Latin America
Beat Movement
expressed the social and literary nonconformity of artists, poets, and writers
Marshall Plan
George Marshall proposed that the United States provide aid to all European nations that needed it, saying that this move was directed "not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos."
16 countries received some $13 billion in aid.
Warren Court
banned prayer in public schools and declared state-required loyalty oaths unconstitutional limited the power of communities to censor books and films
Fair Deal
an extension of Roosevelt's New Deal, included proposals for a nationwide system of compulsory health insurance and a crop-subsidy system to provide a steady income for farmers
Truman Doctrine
Truman declares that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
the US sent $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece
Flexible Response
increased defense spending in order to boost conventional military forces tripled the overall nuclear capabilities
Containment
taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries
McCarthyism
attacks on suspected Communists in the early 1950s, the unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence
Termination Policy
eliminated federal economic support, discontinued the reservation system, and distributed tribal lands among individual Native Americans
Urban Renewal
to provide "a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family."
called for tearing down rundown neighborhoods and constructing low-income housing
Eisenhower Doctrine
warning by the president stated that US would defend the Middle East against communist parties
Limited Test Ban Treaty
barred nuclear testing in the atmospherene
H-bomb
hydrogen bomb suspected by scientists that it could be more destructive than the atomic bomb
Fidel Castro
revolutionary leader of Cuba declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union
Jonas Salk
developed a vaccine for the crippling disease poliomyelitis—polio
Peace Corps
a program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America
Hot Line
a communication link established in 1963 to allow the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union to contact each other in times of crisis
Economic Opportunity Act
approving nearly 1 billion for youth programs, anti poverty measures, small-business loans, and job training created VISTA, project head start, community action program
Baby Boom
an unprecedented population explosion
in 1957, one American infant was born every seven seconds—a total of 4,308,000 that year
Consumerism
buying material goods
Mao Zedong
Chinese communist leader
Nikita Khrushchev
A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia. gained power after the fall of the USSR
Taiwan
In May 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and the remnants of his demoralized government fled to the island of Taiwan.
United Nations
On April 25, 1945, the representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco to establish this new peacekeeping body, established June 26, 1945
was intended to promote peace, but soon became an arena in which the two superpowers competed
Hollywood 10
ten "unfriendly" witnesses called to testify but refused
decided not to cooperate because they believed that the hearings were unconstitutional, were sent to prison
planned obsolescence
in order to encourage consumers to purchase more goods, manufacturers purposely designed products to wear out or become outdated in a short period of time
Blacklist
a list of people condemned for having a Communist background
HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)
began to investigate Communist influence in the movie industry in 1947
believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films
John Foster Dulles
was the secretary of state for Eisenhower anti-communist
Brinkmanship
the willingness of the US to go to the edge of all-out war
Immigration Act of 1965
opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the United States by ending quotas based on nationality
Dixiecrats
Southern Democrats who formed the States' Rights Democratic Party, and nominated their own presidential candidate, Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
heavily relied by Eisenhower allocated spies around the world go get intelligence
Warsaw Pact
linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European countries
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
defensive military alliance; ten Western European nations— Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal joined with the United States and Canada on April 4, 1949
Satellite Nations
countries dominated by the Soviet Union
Suburbs
homes in small residential communities surrounding cities
Conglomerates
a major corporation that includes a number of smaller companies in unrelated industries
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
the government agency that regulates and licenses television, telephone, telegraph, radio, and other communications industries
Franchise
a company that offers similar products or services in many locations
also used to refer to the right, sold to an individual, to do business using the parent company's name and the system that the parent company developed