US History Final #2

Charles de Gaulle

After France fell, a French general named Charles
de Gaulle fled to England, where he set up a govern-
ment-in-exile. De Gaulle proclaimed defiantly, "France
has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war."

Nuremburg Trials

- the Allies put 24 surviving Nazi leaders on trial for crimes against humanity, crimes against the peace, and war crimes.
- defendants included Hitler's most trusted party officials, government ministers, military leaders, and powerful industrialists.

Rationing

Restricting the amount of food and other goods people may buy during wartime to assure adequate supplies for the military

GI Bill of Rights

Law Passed in 1944 to help returning veterans buy homes and pay for higher education (paid buy the federal government)

Dwight D. Eisenhower

- leader of the Allied forces in Europe then was elected to be Pres. of the USA
- the president when Russia and USA have H-bomb

Kristallnacht

- "Night of Broken Glass," when Nazis attacked Jews throughout Germany

Fascism

- established by Mussolini
- stresses nationalism and placed the interest of the state above those of individuals

Stalin

- took control of Russia
- the communist party leader
- focused on creating a model communist state
- made both agricultural and industrial growth the prime economic goals of the Soviet Union

Kamikaze

- suicide-planes
- attack in which Japanese pilots crashed their bomb-laden planes into Allied ships

Nazism

- the german brand of facism
- based on extreme nationalism
- wanted to enforce racial purification

D-Day

the first day of the invasion of France
three divisions parachuted down behind German lines
German retaliation was brutal

George Patton

Allied Commander of the Third Army. Was instrumental in winning the Battle of the Bulge. Considered one of the best military commanders in American history.

War Production Board

decided which companies would convert from peacetime to wartime production and allocated raw materials to key industries

Neutrality Acts

- in an effort to keep the United States out of future wars
- first two acts outlawed arms sales or loans to nations at war
- third act was passed in response to the fighting in Spain, extended the ban on arms sales and loans to nations engaged in civil wars

Genocide

the deliberate and systematic killing of an entire population

Atlantic Charter

- joint declaration of war aims
- pledged collective security, disarmament, self-determination, economic cooperation, and freedom of the seas

Mussolini

- established a totalitarian regime in Italy, where unemployment and inflation produced bitter strikes, some communist-led
- established the fascist party by 1921

Neville Chamberlain

- British Prime Minister who signed a peace treaty with Germany, proclaiming: "My friends, there has come back from Germany peace with honor. I believe it is peace in our time."

Francisco Franco

led a group of Spanish army officers in 1936 to rebel against the Spanish republic

Totalitarian

- government that maintains complete control over its citizens
- individuals have no rights, and the government suppresses all opposition.

J. Robert Oppenheimer

led the Manhattan Project
"Father of the Atomic Bomb."

Winston Churchill

- Chamberlain's political rival in Great Britain
- "Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war."

Harry Truman

Became the 33rd president when FDR died
gave the order to drop the atomic bomb

Chester Nimitz

commander of america naval forces in the Pacific
moved to defend on the island

Nagasaki

Japanese city devastated during World War II when the United States dropped the second atomic bomb on Aug 8th, 1945.
an estimated 200,000 people had died as a result of injuries and radiation poisoning caused by the atomic blasts

Appeasement

giving up principles to pacify an aggressor

A. Phillip Randolph

He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII.
protest discrimination both in the military and industry
organized a march on Washington
marched under the banner "We Loyal Colored Americans Demand the Right to Work and Fight for Our Country."

Nonaggression Pact

on August 23, 1939 fascist Germany and communist Russia now committed never to attack each other

Japanese American Citizens League

founded in 1929 to protect Japanese Americans' civil rights, worked for decades to receive government compensation for property lost by Japanese Americans interned in camps during World War II.

Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)

confronted urban segregation in the North
staged its first sit-in at a segregated Chicago restaurant

Manhattan Project

code name for the secret United States project set up in 1942 to develop atomic bombs for use in World War II

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan, who had a mutual defense treaty

Lend-Lease Act

the president would lend or lease arms and other supplies to "any country whose defense was vital to the United States."

Blitzkrieg

lightning war; made use of advances in military technology—such as fast tanks and more powerful aircraft—to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force

George Marshall

United States general and statesman who as Secretary of State organized the European Recovery Program (1880-1959)
army chief of staff
pushed for the formation of WAAC (Women's Auxiliary Army Corps)

Ethel and Julius Rosenberg

- minor activists in the American Communist Party
- claimed they were being persecuted both for being Jewish and for holding radical beliefs
- found guilty of espionage and sentenced to death

Alliance for Progress

offered economic and technical assistance to Latin American countries
invested almost 12 billion in Latin America

Beat Movement

expressed the social and literary nonconformity of artists, poets, and writers

Marshall Plan

- George Marshall proposed that the United States provide aid to all European nations that needed it, saying that this move was directed "not against any country or doctrine but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos."
- 16 countries received some $13 billion in aid.

Warren Court

banned prayer in public schools and declared state-required loyalty oaths unconstitutional
limited the power of communities to censor books and films

Fair Deal

an extension of Roosevelt's New Deal, included proposals for a nationwide system of compulsory health insurance and a crop-subsidy system to provide a steady income for farmers

Truman Doctrine

- Truman declares that "it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures."
- the US sent $400 million in aid to Turkey and Greece

Flexible Response

increased defense spending in order to boost conventional military forces
tripled the overall nuclear capabilities

Containment

taking measures to prevent any extension of communist rule to other countries

McCarthyism

attacks on suspected Communists in the early 1950s, the unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty without providing evidence

Termination Policy

eliminated federal economic support, discontinued the reservation system, and distributed tribal lands among individual Native Americans

Urban Renewal

- to provide "a decent home and a suitable living environment for every American family."
- called for tearing down rundown neighborhoods and constructing low-income housing

Eisenhower Doctrine

warning by the president
stated that US would defend the Middle East against communist parties

Limited Test Ban Treaty

barred nuclear testing in the atmospherene

H-bomb

hydrogen bomb
suspected by scientists that it could be more destructive than the atomic bomb

Fidel Castro

revolutionary leader of Cuba
declared himself a communist and welcomed aid from the Soviet Union

Jonas Salk

developed a vaccine for the crippling disease poliomyelitis—polio

Peace Corps

a program of volunteer assistance to the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America

Hot Line

a communication link established in 1963 to allow the leaders of the United States and the Soviet Union to contact each other in times of crisis

Economic Opportunity Act

approving nearly 1 billion for youth programs, anti poverty measures, small-business loans, and job training
created VISTA, project head start, community action program

Baby Boom

- an unprecedented population explosion
- in 1957, one American infant was born every seven seconds—a total of 4,308,000 that year

Consumerism

buying material goods

Mao Zedong

Chinese communist leader

Nikita Khrushchev

A Soviet leader during the Cuban Missile Crisis. Also famous for denouncing Stalin and allowed criticism of Stalin within Russia.
gained power after the fall of the USSR

Taiwan

In May 1949, Chiang Kai-shek and the remnants of his demoralized government fled to the island of Taiwan.

United Nations

- On April 25, 1945, the representatives of 50 nations met in San Francisco to establish this new peacekeeping body, established June 26, 1945
- was intended to promote peace, but soon became an arena in which the two superpowers competed

Hollywood 10

- ten "unfriendly" witnesses called to testify but refused
- decided not to cooperate because they believed that the hearings were unconstitutional, were sent to prison

planned obsolescence

in order to encourage consumers to purchase more goods, manufacturers purposely designed products to wear out or become outdated in a short period of time

Blacklist

a list of people condemned for having a Communist background

HUAC (House Un-American Activities Committee)

- began to investigate Communist influence in the movie industry in 1947
- believed that Communists were sneaking propaganda into films

John Foster Dulles

was the secretary of state for Eisenhower
anti-communist

Brinkmanship

the willingness of the US to go to the edge of all-out war

Immigration Act of 1965

opened the door for many non-European immigrants to settle in the United States by ending quotas based on nationality

Dixiecrats

- Southern Democrats who formed the States' Rights Democratic Party, and nominated their own presidential candidate, Governor J. Strom Thurmond of South Carolina

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

heavily relied by Eisenhower
allocated spies around the world go get intelligence

Warsaw Pact

linked the Soviet Union with seven Eastern European countries

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

defensive military alliance; ten Western European nations— Belgium, Denmark, France, Great Britain, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, and Portugal joined with the United States and Canada on April 4, 1949

Satellite Nations

countries dominated by the Soviet Union

Suburbs

homes in small residential communities surrounding cities

Conglomerates

a major corporation that includes a number of smaller companies in unrelated industries

Federal Communications Commission (FCC)

the government agency that regulates and licenses television, telephone, telegraph, radio, and other communications industries

Franchise

- a company that offers similar products or services in many locations
- also used to refer to the right, sold to an individual, to do business using the parent company's name and the system that the parent company developed