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Functionalism
Emerged as a response to structuralism focusing on the functions of mental process rather than their structure.
Structuralism
Seeks to break down mental processes into their component parts, much like how a chemist might analyze chemical compounds.
Functionalism
Focused on understanding the purpose or function of mental processes and behavior.
Edward Thorndike
Was an american psychologists born in 1874 known for his work in fields of comparative psychology and educational psychology.
Connectionism Theory
This theory proposes that learning occurs through the establishment of connections, or associations, between a stimulus and a response.
3 Laws of learning
Law of effect, Exercise, and Readiness
Law of effect
Responses that are followed by satisfying consequences become more likely to occur, while those followed by discomforting consequences becomes less likely.
Law of exercise
Connections between a stimulus and response are strengthened through practice or repetition
Law of Readiness
The learner’s readiness and motivation to respond play a crucial role in the learning process.
Operant Conditioning
Emphasizes the role of consequences in shaping behavior.
Skinner Box
A tool that was used by BF Skinner the proponent of Operant conditioning where the environment for studying an animal behavior is controlled and could manipulate variables such as rewards and punishments to observe their effects on behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Skinner emphasized the use of rewards or praise to encourage desired behaviors.
Negative Reinforcement
This is the removal of an aversive stimulus that strengthens a behavior. This does not involve punishment. Instead, it involves the removal or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus after a behavior, which also increases the probability of that behavior happening again.
Punishment
An aversive stimulus or the removal of a positive stimulus after a behavior, leading to a decrease in the likelihood of that behavior happening again.
Extinction
Involves the removal of reinforcement following a behavior, resulting in a decrease in the frequency of that behavior.
Continuous Reinforcement Schedule
Every occurrence of the behavior is reinforced.
Example: Giving a treat to a dog every time it sit on command
Fixed Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement is delivered after a fixed number of responses
Eg: A salesperson receiving a bonus for every 10 products sold.
Variable Ratio Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement is delivered after an average number of responses, but the exact number varies
Eg: Playing a slot machine where the payout occurs randomly after a certain number of pulls.
Fixed Interval
Reinforcement is delivered for the first response after a fixed time interval
eg: A student receiving a praise for studying for at least 30 minutes every hour
Variable Interval Reinforcement Schedule
Reinforcement is delivered for the first response after an average time interval, but the exact time varies
Eg: Checking email and finding important messages at varying times throughout the day.