Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)Chapter 9

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12):

often referred to as the ….

school years

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Physical Development:

typically, slow and steady

-wide variety amongst children

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Physical development:

weight gain

weight gain of 5-7 pounds per year

-notable increase in strength: don’t appear as round

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Physical development:

height:

2-3 inches in height gained per year

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Physical Development:

average height for gender

girls: 4’10” and boys 4’9” by age 11

-only time that girls on average are taller than boys

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

US societal views

the use of articfical growth hormones has increases substantially in the last 20 years

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Nutrition:

positive correlation to good nutrition and social and emotional function in school age

-good nutrition leads to improved cognitive performance

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Childhood obesity:

17% of US children are obese

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Childhood obesity: what type of household is it found more often in?

found more often in low-income families

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Childhood obesity: ethnicity impact

hispanic, American Indian, Alaska Native

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Childhood obesity: lifelong risks

heart disease, Type 2 DM, cancer

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Childhood obesity: impacted by:

genetic, social characteristics, and diet

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Childhood obesity: lack of and more of

lack of exercise, more time on devices

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Gross Motor Skills: Boys vs Girls

boys outperform girls who do not participate in similar activities, but if girls do participate in similar activities (baseball vs softball), the difference is minimal

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Fine Motor Skills: attribute to increase what

attribute to increase in brain myelin between ages 6&8

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Fine motor skills: Ages 6-7:

-ties shoes (this skill takes longer to achieve for many children because crocs and slides

-fasten small buttons

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

fine motor skills: Age 8:

-write in cursive with pen and pencil

-draw very detailed pictures

-use each hand independently

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

fine motor skills: Age 12:

fine motor coordination is adult like

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Physical health:

typically a time of great health

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

physical health: most illnesses are

mild and brief, thanks to routine immunizations

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Physical health: how many children during this time period develop a chronic illness

1/9

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Asthma: what is it, who’s more at risk? Increasing in the general population of children-why?

Asthma: chronic condition, characterized by periods of wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath

-ethnic minorities more at risk because typ born into low poverty

-increasing because lack of clean air, lack of moving because of screens

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Accidents:

rate of injury increases

-boys are more likely again during this age group

-bicycle accidents, walking to school, automobile accidents, and other transportation injuries

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Psychological Disorders

1/5 children and adolescents have a psychological disorder

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Psychological Disorders: depressive disorder

5% of pre-teens

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Psychological Disorders: anxiety disorder

13% of children between 9-17 suffer

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Psychological Disorders: whos at greater risk for disorders in adulthood

children are at greater risks for disorders in adulthood if they had one as a child

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Visual Impairment

a difficulty in seeing that may include blindness or partial sightedness

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Visual impairment: blindness

visual acuity less than 20/100 after correction

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Visual Impairment: partial sightedness:

visual acuity less than 20/70 after correction

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Visual Impairment: what also can be impaired

depth, color, and light perception can also be impaired

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Auditory impairment:

a special need that involves the loss of hearing or some aspect of hearing

-have negative influence on social interaction and academic work

-impacts 1-2% of children

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Speech impairement:

speech that deviates so much from the speech of others that it calls attention to itself, interferes with communication, or produces maladjustment in the speaker

-impacts 3-5% of school-age population

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Learning disorders vs special needs

learning: a wiring in the brain that cannot put pieces together, but just those specific pieces.

special: really have to focus on individually, they have all encompassing needs

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Stuttering: childhood inset fluency disorder

substantial disruption in the rhythm and fluency of speech, the most common speech impairment

-don’t draw attention to it

-give time to finish their sentences- do not do it for them

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Learning Disabilities: ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

-symptoms

-inattention

-impulsiveness

-low tolerance for frustration

-inappropriate activity

-difficulty finishing tasks

-may not be able to finish a TV show

-begins tasks before hearing instructions

-fidgeting, squirming

-difficulty remaining seated

-frequent interruptions or excessive talking

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Intellectual development: Piaget

concrete-operational stage

-age 7-12

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Intellectual development: Piaget

-aspects of concrete-operational stage

characterized by active and appropriate use of logic

-understanding of the concept of reversibility happens (8+3=11; 3+8=11)

*per Piaget, children continue to struggle with abstract concepts and hypothetical situations

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Information Processing Theory

children have an increasingly sophisticated means of processing data

-short-term memory increases substantially, they begin to use mnemonics to make organizing information easier to recall

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Vygotsky:

classrooms should be places where children can experiment and try out new activities with their peers and their teachers serving

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Vygotsky: Cooperative learning vs reciprocal learning

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Language development: grammar and syntax

improved use of grammar and syntax; develop metalinguistic awareness (language is grounded in a set of rules)

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Language development: conversational skills (reciprocal)

improved conversational skills

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Language development: what does it help with

language development helps with self-control and behavioral regulation

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Language development: bilingualism

bilingualism is more common (common advantages)

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Reading Stage 0:

birth-first grade: learn prerequisites

-

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Reading Stage 1:

phonological reading: sounding out and blending words

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Reading Stage 2:

read aloud with fluency, but takes great effort and they don’t necessarily retain a lot of what they are reading

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Reading Stage 3:

4th-8th grade: becomes a way to learn, comprehension is limited a single perspective

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Reading Stage 4:

can read and process info that reflects multiple viewpoints. This is why we don’t read great literary works until high school

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Intelligence:

the capacity to understand the world, think with rationality, and use resources effectively when faced with challenges

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Average IQ score

100

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

What are the many ways to assess intelligence or components of it

-Binet

-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales

-Weschler Intelligence Scale

-Kaufman Assessment Battery

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Gardner’s 8 Intelligences:

1. musical

2. naturalist

3. intrapersonal

4. interpersonal

5. spatial

6. bodily kinesthetic

7. logical mathematical

8. linguistic

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Differently Abled

1-3% of school age children are considered intellectually disabled

-familial ID

-fetal alcohol syndrome

-down syndrome

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Mild Intellectual Disability:

accounts for 90% of intellectual disability

-60-75 IQ

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Mild Intellectual Disability:

-usually not identified before school starts

-typ by 3rd

-can go on to live independently and be successful

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Modderate Intellectual Disability:

IQ of 35-55

-tend to be slow to develop language skills

-motor development tend to be impaired

-generally unable to be successful in typical schooling

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Moderate Intellectual Disability: what they can do

can learn occupational and social skills

-typically require moderate levels of supervision

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Severe and Profound Intellectual Disability:

Severe: IQ of 20-40

Profound: IQ below 20-25 range

-little or no speech

-poor motor control

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Severe and Profound Intellectual Disability: how they live

24 hour nursing care needed in many instances, however, some with severe disabilities can still dress and feed themselves

Chapter 9: Physical and cognitive Development in Middle Childhood (Age 6-12)

Gifted and Talented

children who show evidence of high-performance capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic, leadership capacity, or specific academic fields

-accelerated programs

-enriched programs

typically slow and steady growth with a gain of 5-7 pounds a year and 2-3 inches in height are gained in this timeframe

middle childhood

What contributes to childhood obesity

low income status, ethnicity, school lunch problems, lack of exercise

children should be able to write with a pen or pencil in cursive by the age of

eight

most common chronic illness of middle childhood

asthma

rates of deaths from bicycles and car accident have decreased due to what factors

helmets and seatbelts

metalinguistic awareness describes

the ability to understand that language is grounded in a set of rules

the concept of reversibility is the understanding that …

ability to recognize that numbers or objects can be changed and returned to their original condition

classrooms should be places where children can experiment and try out new activities with their peers and teachers who serve as …

more knowledgeable others (MKOs)

individuals with moderate intellectual disabilities require

moderate levels of supervision, but typically can learn occupational and social skills

mild intellectual disability

typically not identified until 3rd grade; 50-75 IQ

give an example of nmemonics and why their use is beneficial

PEMDAS, My very educated mother just made noodles; it is beneficial for memory

Piaget proposed that children in middle childhood were in the ______ stage of development

concrete operational