psych ch 6

unconditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response.

conditioned stimulus

in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

neutral stimulus

same as UCS

unconditioned response

In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth.

conditioned response

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

acquisition

the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response

spontaneous recovery

the reappearance of a learned response after extinction has occurred

generalization (classical conditioning)

the tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response

Discrimination

in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus

aversive conditioning

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

first order conditioning

occurred in Pavlov's experiment when dog directly associated sound of bell with presentation of food, resulting in drooling in both instances

higher order conditioning

a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus.

Learned Taste Aversions (Garcia Effect)

If you ingest an unusual food / drink and then become nauseous, you will probably develop an aversion to the food / drink.

biological preparedness (evolution/survival)

referring to the tendency of animals to learn certain associations, such as taste and nausea, with only one or few pairings due to the survival value of the learning

Law of Effect (Thorndike)

a behavior followed by a reward is is strengthened and more likely repeated

instrumental learning

Learning by trial and error

Skinner box (operant chamber)

a structure that is big enough to fit a rodent or bird and that contains a bar or key that the organism can press or peck to release food or water

Reinforcement

in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows (keeps behavior going)

positive reinforcement

increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers- reward-paycheck

negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus- remove bad stimuli

punishment

stops behavior

positive punishment

addition of something unpleasant

negative punishment

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease or stop a behavior

Shaping

reinforcers guide behavior closer and closer towards goal

Chaining

in operant conditioning, combining the steps of a sequence to progress toward a final action

primary reinforcers

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food, air, water)

secondary reinforcers

no real value, except for in system you're in (money, tokens)

generalized reinforcer

secondary reinforcer associated with a number of different primary reinforcers

token economy

type of behavior modification in which desired behavior is rewarded with tokens

Premack Principle

commonly occurring behavior can reinforce a less frequent behavior

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time

fixed-ratio schedule

set # (10 puzzles= $10)

fixed interval

set amt. of time- paycheck

variable interval

time changes- pop quiz

variable ratio

lottery- gambler's schedule

instinctive drift

tendency for an animal's behavior to revert to genetically controlled patterns

overjustification effect

The effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for performing the task.

contingency model

Rescorla & Wagner - classical conditioning involves cognitive processes

observational learning

learning by observing others

latent learning

learning that takes place in the absence of reinforcement

cognitive map

a mental representation of the physical features of the environment

abstract learning

understanding CONCEPTS.

insight learning

The process of learning how to solve a problem or do something new by applying what is already known