WH FINAL EXAM QUIERES AND TERMS

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Scientific Method

A systematic approach to research and problem solving that involves observation, hypothesis formulation, experimentation, and conclusion.

Inductive Reasoning

A logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion.

Deductive Reasoning

A method of reasoning from the general to the specific, where conclusions follow logically from premises.

Absolute Monarchy

A form of government where the monarch holds absolute power and their decrees are law without checks or balances.

Constitutional Monarchy

A system of governance in which a monarch's powers are limited by a constitution or laws.

Elizabeth I

The Queen of England who ruled from 1558 to 1603, known for her significant impact on the English Renaissance and the defeat of the Spanish Armada.

Louis XIV

The King of France from 1643 to 1715, known as the 'Sun King,' who established absolute monarchy and left a legacy of French culture and state power.

Oliver Cromwell

An English military and political leader who led the Parliamentarians in the English Civil War and became the Lord Protector of England.

Sovereignty

The authority of a state to govern itself or another state; the ultimate governing power.

Prussia

A historically significant state in Europe, known for its military power and later becoming a key part of the German Empire.

Copernicus

A Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who proposed that the Sun is at the center of the universe, challenging the geocentric model.

Galileo

An Italian astronomer who made significant contributions to modern astronomy and physics, known for his support of heliocentrism and for improvements to the telescope.

Sir Francis Bacon

An English philosopher and statesman known for developing the scientific method and advocating for empirical research.

Rene Descartes

A French philosopher and mathematician known as the father of modern philosophy and for the statement 'I think, therefore I am.'

Johannes Kepler

A German astronomer who formulated the laws of planetary motion, supporting heliocentrism.

Blaise Pascal

A French mathematician and philosopher known for his contributions to mathematics and for religious philosophy.

Robert Boyle

An Irish chemist and physicist known for ______’s Law and his work in the foundations of modern chemistry.

Isaac Newton

An English mathematician and physicist who developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Maria Gaetana Agnesi

An Italian mathematician known for her work in calculus and for being one of the first women to write a mathematics book.

Caroline Lucretia Herschel

A German-British astronomer who made significant contributions to astronomy, including discovering several comets.

Social Contract

A theory or model that originated during the Age of Enlightenment, addressing the legitimacy of political authority and individual rights.

Natural Rights

Fundamental rights that every individual possesses, such as life, liberty, and property.

Enlightened Despot

A system of government where a ruler with absolute power embraces Enlightenment ideals, such as the rights and liberties of individuals, and chooses to use their absolute power to better the lives of average citizens.

John Locke

An English philosopher whose ideas on natural rights and government influenced modern democratic theory.

Charles-Louis Montesquieu

A French philosopher known for his theory of separation of powers in government.

Voltaire

A French writer and philosopher known for his advocacy of civil liberties and criticism of the Catholic Church.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French philosopher whose works on political philosophy influenced the French Revolution and modern political thought.

Mary Wollstonecraft

An English writer and advocate for women's rights, best known for her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman.'

Adam Smith

An economist and philosopher known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations' and for laying the foundations of classical economics.

Laissez faire

An economic theory of minimal government intervention in economic affairs.

Prince Henry the Navigator

A Portuguese prince who played a key role in the development of maritime exploration and trade.

Caravel

A small, fast Spanish or Portuguese sailing ship of the 15th–17th centuries.

Christopher Columbus

An Italian explorer known for his voyages across the Atlantic and for his role in the European colonization of the Americas.

Mercantilism

An economic policy that promotes government regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Spain and Portugal aimed at settling conflicts over newly discovered lands.

Line of Demarcation

The boundary established by the Treaty of Tordesillas that divided the New World between Spain and Portugal.

Vasco Nunez Balboa

A Spanish explorer known for being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean from the New World.

Ferdinand Magellan

A Portuguese explorer known for leading the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe.

Circumnavigate

To sail around the entire world.

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers and soldiers who conquered territory in the Americas.

Columbian Exchange

The widespread transfer of animals, plants, culture, human populations, and ideas between the Americas and the Old World.

Bartholomeu Dias

A Portuguese explorer known for being the first to round the southern tip of Africa.

Vasco da Gama

A Portuguese explorer who was the first to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia via the ocean.

Joint-stock company

A business entity where different stocks can be bought and owned by shareholders.

Dutch East India Trading Company

A chartered company of Dutch merchants that had a monopoly on Dutch trade in the East Indies.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private ownership of the means of production and the creation of goods for profit.

Northwest Passage

A sea route through the Arctic Ocean, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, sought after by explorers.

Juan Ponce de Leon

A Spanish explorer known for his expedition to Florida and searching for the Fountain of Youth.

Francisco Coronado

A Spanish explorer known for his expedition through the Southwestern United States.

Bartolomé de Las Casas

A Spanish historian and missionary who advocated for the rights of Indigenous peoples.

Viceroyalties

Administrative districts of the Spanish Empire ruled by viceroys.

Viceroy

The governor of a colony who rules as a representative of the monarch.

Mestizos

Individuals of mixed Spanish and Indigenous ancestry.

Haciendas

Large estates or farms in Spanish-speaking countries.

Encomienda

A system in colonial Spanish America where Spanish settlers were granted rights over local Indigenous people.

Pedro Alvarez Cabral

A Portuguese navigator who is credited with discovering Brazil.

New Amsterdam

A 17th-century Dutch fur trading colonial settlement that later became New York City.

Jamestown

The first permanent English settlement in North America, established in 1607.

Indentured Servants

Individuals who worked under contract for a certain number of years in exchange for passage to America.

Samuel de Champlain

A French explorer known for founding Quebec and mapping much of northeastern North America.

Quebec

A province in Canada that was one of the first established by French explorers.

Martin Luther

A German monk whose actions sparked the Protestant Reformation by challenging the Catholic Church.

Indulgences

Payment to the Church that was claimed to reduce punishment for sins.

John Wycliffe

An English theologian and early advocate for translating the Bible into the vernacular.

Jan Hus

A Czech theologian and early reformer who was executed for his beliefs.

Protestants

Members of Christian churches that separate from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation.

Ulrich Zwingli

A leader of the Reformation in Switzerland who sought to reform the Church.

John Calvin

A French theologian whose teachings formed the basis of Calvinism, emphasizing predestination.

John of Leyden

A radical Anabaptist leader known for his role in the Munster Rebellion.

Henry VIII

The King of England known for his six marriages and for initiating the English Reformation.

Liturgy

The form or formula according to which public religious worship is conducted.

Charles I

The King of England whose conflict with Parliament led to the English Civil War.

Phillip II

The King of Spain known for his efforts to expand Spanish influence and for conflicts with England.

Council of Trent

A series of ecumenical councils aimed at countering the Protestant Reformation.

Spanish Inquisition

A powerful judicial institution established in Spain to maintain Catholic orthodoxy and persecute heretics.

Piety

Devotion to religious duties and practices.

Ignatius of Loyola

The founder of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), who emphasized education and missionary work.

Teresa of Avila

A Spanish mystic and Carmelite reformer known for her writings on prayer and spirituality.

Canonized

Officially declared a saint by the Catholic Church.

Dissidents

Individuals who disagree with the official beliefs or practices, often in a political or religious context.

Religious Syncretism

The blending of different religious beliefs and practices.

Counter-Reformation

The Catholic Church's response to the Protestant Reformation, aiming to reform itself and regain followers.

Catholic Reformation

A movement within the Catholic Church in the 16th century aimed at internal reform and addressing issues raised by Protestants.

City-states

Independent, self-governing urban centers that exert control over surrounding territory.

Florence

A major Italian city-state and cultural center during the Renaissance.

Genoa

An important Italian city-state known for its navy and trade during the Renaissance period.

Venice

A powerful Italian city-state known for its commerce and maritime prowess.

Milan

A city-state in Italy known for its wealth and political power during the Renaissance.

Rome

The capital of Italy and historically significant as the center of the Catholic Church and ancient Roman civilization.

Filippo Brunelleschi

An architect and engineer noted for designing the dome of the Florence Cathedral.

Medici Family

A wealthy and influential family in Florence, notable for their patronage of the arts and politics.

Patron

A person who provides financial support to artists, musicians, or writers.

Lorenzo de Medici

A key figure in the Italian Renaissance, known for his patronage of the arts.

Commission

An order for payment to create or produce something, often related to art.

Giotto

An Italian painter and architect from the late Middle Ages, known for breaking from the Byzantine style.

Johannes Gutenberg

A German inventor credited with introducing movable type printing to Europe.

Naturalism

An artistic style that emphasizes realistic representation of the natural world.

Anatomy

The study of the structure of living organisms.

Leonardo da Vinci

A Renaissance artist, scientist, and polymath, known for masterpieces such as the 'Mona Lisa'.

Michaelangelo

An Italian sculptor, painter, and architect of the Renaissance, famous for works like the Sistine Chapel ceiling.