neuropsychology ch. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12... quiz

Chapter 1 quiz: 14/15

Which brain structures are seen as ridges and grooves which create boundaries within the lobes of the brain?

lobes

forebrain and spinal cord

gyri and sulei

sulci and synapses

gyri and sulei

The two main theories that underlie neuropsychology are the brain theory and the central nervous system theory.

True

False

False (neuron theory is the other main theory)

At noted in your textbook, the extensive study of H.M. BEST demonstrates:

support of two brain theory.

effective treatment of epilepsy.

that amnesia can be the result of brain damage.

that memories are encoded and stored in multiple areas of the brain.

that memories are encoded and stored in multiple areas of the brain.

Descartes was an articulate proponent of:

dualism.

monism.

nonmaterialism.

the cardiac hypothesis.

dualism

What philosophical stance would conclude that only mental objects (i.e., the mind) exist and claim that what we think of as our body is merely the perception of the mind.

a. Idealism

b. Dualism

c. Materialism

d. Mentalism

Idealism

With respect to the "mind-body" problem, many neuroscientists and neuropsychologists would

MOST likely consider themselves to be:

mentalists.

agnostics.

dualists.

materialists.

materialists

Which of the following is not a lobe of the brain.

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Coronal

Coronal

The scientist who discovers how a unitary perception is made from multiple streams of sensory information will have solved the:

laterality conundrum.

problem of other minds.

binding problem.

mind-body problem.

binding problem.

Considering functional development, why would the spinal cord develop prior to the forebrain?

Higher order functioning precedes conducting information to and from the brain.

Executive functioning tasks are secondary to regulatory functioning of the brainstem.

Sensory information processing precedes the development of higher order functioning.

Cognitive abilities are not essential for survival.

Sensory information processing precedes the development of higher order functioning.

NOT Executive functioning tasks are secondary to regulatory functioning of the brainstem.

An example of ontological reductionism as set forth by Carozza is reducing concepts such as __

to mere biological activities located in the brain.

language

memory

vision

free will or love

free will or love

In the video from Fr. Spitzer, research on near-death experiences seem to indicate that a person's __ continue even when there are signs of clinical death.

perception and sensory awareness

neurons

brain functioning

ability to communicate

perception and sensory awareness

Neuroplasticity is seen in patients with TBI, and it is also related to:

taste.

vision.

smell

learning.

Learning.

In the BLANK theory, the brain is the source of all behavior.

Neuron

Brain

Cranial

Neurological

Brain

If you were studying the impact of diet upon the expression of one's IQ, you would be involved in the work of

none of the answers are correct

epigenetics

neuroplasticity

neuropsychology

epigenetics

Although all of the individuals listed made contributions to our knowledge of the lateralization of language functions in the brain,

is generally credited with the MOST important

findings.

a. Marie

b. Bouillaud

c. Broca

d. Dax

Broca

Chapter 2 quiz: 14/15

According to researchers, the need to be resilient and adapt to ever changing conditions in order to survive lead to evolutionary changes in the human brain.

True

False

True

Phenotypic plasticity accounts for the way that:

environmental differences don't alter the phenotype of identical twins.

identical genotypes produce identical phenotypes.

identical genotypes do not produce identical phenotypes.

clones always look identical to the parent whose genotype is used.

identical genotypes do not produce identical phenotypes.

Having a highly developed brain packed with neurons requires a greater consumption of calories.

True

False

True

According to the _____, humans have performed better on IQ assessments from generation to generation due to _---

Flynn Effect, larger brains

Spearman Theory, better diets

Flynn Effect, enhanced experiences and more effective education

Spearman Theory, larger frontal lobes

Flynn Effect, enhanced experiences and more effective education

The full set of a species' genes is known as its:

chromosome.

nucleosome.

genome.

phenome.

genome

Epigenetics provides a mechanism for the environment to alter gene expression without changing the genome.

True

False

True

The encephalization quotient of modern humans is

equal to ________ that of chimpanzees.

two times

three times

five times

three times

Modern chimpanzees and humans share about_

75%

87%

99%

95%

99%

Monkeys that eat grass have larger brains than monkeys that eat fruit.

True

False

False

Variables that influence whether and how a gene is expressed do NOT include:

phrenological profile.

neglect.

education.

nutrition.

phrenological profile.

Which of these has the highest EQ?

rat

dolphin

cal

elephant

dolphin

Choose the correct ordering of encephalization quotients for the following list of species (from highest to lowest).

human, monkey, chimpanzee, cat

chimpanzee, human, monkey, cat

human, cat, chimpanzee, monkey

human, chimpanzee, monkey, cat

human, chimpanzee, monkey, cat

According to the textbook, the brain region whose growth is MOST associated with the evolution of modern humans is the:

limbic system.

temporal lobe.

cerebellum.

parietal lobe.

parietal lobe.

Research has determined that people with above average IQ have brains that weigh more than most.

True

False

FALSE (got this one wrong.. it’s not true)

Having a "smoother" brain with less gyri and sulci is advantageous and is correlated with higher IQ.

True

False

False

Chapter 3 quiz: 12/12

If Dr. Link prescribes a regimen of frequent smiling to help enhance your mood, you will be using

a. Accessory Nerve XI

b. Vagus nerve X

c. Facial nerve VII

d. Trigeminal nerve V

Facial nerve VII

Schwann cells are important because they

• myelinate neurons in the blood brain barrier

• myelinate neurons in the PNS

• deliver food to your home

• myelinate neurons in the CNS

• myelinate neurons in the PNS

The crossing of sensory and motor fibers that associate sensory and motor activity from one side of the body with the opposite side of the brain are called

decussations.

thalamocortical projections.

ipsilateral connections.

ventral spinal nerves.

decussations

Sensory neurons are efferent and motor neurons are afferent.

True

False

False

The cortical area MOST closely associated with speech comprehension is the

a. tempora

b. occipital

c. frontal

d. parietal

temporal NOT parietal

This part of the limbic system is highly involved in the "fight or flight" response.

• Cerebellum

• Corpus Callosum

• Substantia Nigra'

• Amygdala

Amygdala

Dura mater means

Hard mother

Nurturing mother

Soft mother

Controlling mother

Hard mother

mapped out an atlas of the brain with various the functions involved in each

area.

• Brodmann

• Sperry

• Broca

• Kolbe

Brodmann

After differentiation, these cells offer support for the nervous system. Without their presence, there may be damage to the blood-brain barrier.

interneurons

ependymal cells

bipolar neurons

astroglia

astroglia NOT ependymal cells

Neuroplasticity of the PNS is most likely connected to its:

• dependence on cerebrospinal fluid for protection.

• makeup of both neurons and glial cells.

• ability to form new neural connections through learning.

• lack of protection and need for frequent repair of neural cells.

• lack of protection and need for frequent repair of neural cells.

Neurogenesis does not typically occur in the brain with the exception of the

cerebellum

hippocampus

pons

hypothalamus

hippocampus

Cells in the cortex can be arranged into _ layers.

• 1

• 2

• 6

• 4

6

Chapter 4 quiz: 15/15

Saltatory conduction occurs in neurons with:

 

synaptic connections.

 

organic ions.

 

myelin sheaths.

 

voltage differentials.

myelin sheaths.

A characteristic resting potential in a neuron is about _____ mV.

• 50

• –30

• –70

• 0

-70

During _____, a neuron is incapable of generating an action potential.

 

neurotransmitter release

 

the absolute refractory period

 

the relative refractory period

 

saltatory conduction

the absolute refractory period

Multiple sclerosis results from the deterioration of:

 

Na ⁺ channels.

 

myelin.

 

axon hillocks.

 

the blood–brain barrier.

myelin

The information-processing units of the nervous system are:

 

ependymal cells.

 

neurons.

 

glial cells.

 

nuclei.

neurons

The movement of the action potential from axon hillock to axon terminal is known as:

 

the refractory period.

 

anterograde transport.

 

the nerve impulse.

 

the graded potential.

the nerve impulse.

The two factors that determine nerve impulse speed in the axon are:

 

axon diameter and the availability of Na ⁺ ions.

 

axon length and myelination.

 

nodes of Ranvier and myelination.

 

axon diameter and myelination.

axon diameter and myelination.

Neurotransmitters are chemicals responsible for:

 

providing energy to power cellular processes.

 

transmitting signals between neurons.

 

propagating the nerve impulse.

 

transmitting signals within neurons.

transmitting signals between neurons.

The _____ of the action potential encodes the strength of the stimulus. 

 

frequency

 

neurotransmitters

 

length

 

refractory period

frequency

The small protrusions found on the dendrites of neurons are called:

 

receptors.

 

terminal buttons.

 

thorns.

 

spines.

spines.

Which of the following statements on neurons is/are true?

 

All of the answers are correct

 

Neurons function as memory units

 

Neurons have plasticity

 

Neurons function as information units

All of the answers are correct

The process by which molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration is called:

 

gating.

 

osmosis.

 

exocytosis.

 

diffusion.

diffusion

For a neuron to reach the threshold for generating an action potential, it must be:

 

unipolarized.

 

depolarized.

 

hyperpolarized.

 

inhibited.

depolarized

A change in the membrane potential from –65 to –70 mV is an example of:

 

saltatory conduction.

 

hyperpolarization.

 

an action potential.

 

depolarization.

hyperpolarization

A long myelinated axon lacking nodes of Ranvier would probably propagate:

 

impulses at the same rate as one with nodes of Ranvier.

 

nerve impulses backward.

 

nerve impulses faster than one with nodes of Ranvier.

 

nerve impulses more slowly than one with nodes of Ranvier.

nerve impulses more slowly than one with nodes of Ranvier.

other study tool…

https://quizlet.com/956001043/psy-440-neuropsychology-midterm-exam-flash-cards/?funnelUUID=80c868b8-bdb3-4360-97da-959e00e370a9

Chapter 5 quiz: 15/15

What system is implicated in sleep disorders such as sleep apnea and SIDS, as well as OCD, tics, and depression?

• dopaminergic

• serotonergic

• noradrenergic

• cholinergic

• serotonergic

The cell bodies of the neurons of the major activating systems are located in the:

• brainstem.

• frontal cortex.

• diencephalon.

• basal ganglia.

• brainstem

Glutamate is an inhibitory neurotransmitter.

• True

• False

False

Using the toilet bowl and neuron analogy, graded potentials would be similar to a gentle push on the toilet handle whereas an action potential would be the full flush.

True

False

True

A neurotransmitter released at the axon terminal must _

_to affect the postsynaptic cell.

• be metabolized by the postsynaptic cell

• diffuse across the synaptic cleft

• be taken up by the postsynaptic cell

• be transported across the synaptic cleft

• diffuse across the synaptic cleft

Reuptake of a neurotransmitter is accomplished by:

• the presynaptic neuron.

• surrounding glial cells.

• the postsynaptic neuron.

• nearby capillaries.

the presynaptic neuron.

How can a single neurotransmitter have both excitatory and inhibitory action?

• The action is dependent on the specific receptor and portion of the nervous system being acted upon.

• The neurotransmitter will have excitatory action when interacting with the parasympathetic neurons.

• The excitatory or inhibitory action of a neurotransmitter is dependent on the quantity of the neurotransmitter within the synaptic cleft.

• The neurotransmitter will have opposing action depending on the organ being stimulated.

• The action is dependent on the specific receptor and portion of the nervous system being acted upon.

The _____ system would likely play a role in memory and the onset of Alzheimers.

noradrenergic

cholinergic

serotonergic

dopaminergic

cholinergic

What activating system of the CNS would be heavily implicated in a diagnosis of schizophrenia and Parkinson's, as well as addictions?

a. Serotonergic

b. Dopaminergic

c. Cholinergic

d. Noradrenergic

Dopaminergic

Patients who have difficulties with attention may have deficiencies in the production of:

a. serotonin and norepinephrine.

b. dopamine and GABA

c. serotonin and dopamine.

d. dopamine and norepinephrine.

dopamine and norepinephrine.

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) has been associated with abnormalities in brainstem neurons that release:

a. vasopressin

b. dopamine

c. glutamate

d. serotonin

serotonin

Research estimates there are anywhere from trillions to quadrillions of neuronal synapses in the human brain.

True

False

True

Synapses are essentially areas where neurons can "talk to one another."

True

False

True

Which of these is NOT a class of neurotransmitter?

lipids

small molecules

Bases

peptides

Lipids

The first two chemicals to be identified as neurotransmitters were:

acetylcholine and epinephrine.

glutamate and glycine.

dopamine and serotonin.

GABA and NMDA.

acetylcholine and epinephrine.

chapter 6 quiz what /15

Botox injections smooth the face by:

 

producing increased blood flow to the face.

 

dissolving excessive fatty facial deposits.

 

increasing the release of ACh at the neuromuscular junction.

 

blocking ACh activity and relaxing facial muscles.

blocking ACh activity and relaxing facial muscles.

Most psychoactive drugs affect the functioning of the:

 

astrocytes.

 

synapse.

 

dendrites.

 

axon hillock.

synapse

The blood–brain barrier is established by:

 

endothelial cells and astrocytes.

 

endothelial cells and neurons.

 

neurons and astrocytes.

 

neurons and smooth muscle cells.

endothelial cells and astrocytes.

Antipsychotic drugs are thought to exert their effects, at least in part, by blocking one type of:

 

dopamine receptor.

 

glutamate receptor.

 

thought process.

 

action potential.

dopamine receptor.

Following the synthesis of a neurotransmitter, what is the next step toward synaptic transmission?

 

storage in vesicles

 

deactivation

 

reuptake

 

release into the synapse

storage in vesicles

Diverse drugs of abuse may act through a common neurotransmitter system that releases:

 

serotonin.

 

endorphins.

 

GABA.

 

dopamine.

dopamine.

A drug that increases the effectiveness of neurotransmission is called a(n):

 

stimulant.

 

antagonist.

 

agonist.

 

neuromodulator.

agonist

A GABA antagonist would be likely to produce:

 

respiratory depression.

 

visual hallucinations.

 

decreased anxiety and activity.

 

increased anxiety and activity.

 

increased anxiety and activity.

The study of the effects of drugs on the function of the nervous system is:

 

biopsychology.

 

pharmacokinetics.

 

neuroendocrinology.

 

psychopharmacology.

psychopharmacology

The need to take increasing amounts of a drug to experience the same physical effect is called:

 

sensitization.

 

tolerance.

 

addiction.

 

dependence.

tolerance

*worth 5 points, not graded yet.

We discussed various reasons why psychopharmacological medications may not always be as effective as once hoped. The videos also highlighted some of this as well. Explain two of the reasons.  

One reason mentioned in class was that some drugs are just not effective for some people as they are for others. Currently, there really is not much of a way to test to see which drugs work better or are more effective for some people than others. Right now, it is more of a trial and error process. One way to help the process along is looking at family members reactions to medications. If your father had great results for one drug/medication, you are also fairly likely to have a good response to that drug/medication. Further, medications take a long time to build up in an individuals system, so many may abandon treatment efforts in the belief they do not work.

Secondly, just because a drug once worked well does not mean it will always work as well. As your body takes a drug, it builds tolerance to that drug. The body gets used to the medication and requires more to get the same result as it once had with less medication. Further, taking medication, such as opioids for example can lead to addiction, which causes the brain chemistry to change, craving that drug.

Another possible negative effect is side effects of medication and drugs. This can cause an individual to end up being on 4-5 medications at a time, simply in attempt to negate bad side effect. Additionally, some medications can interfere with one another. Some may make a medication work better, and others may inhibit the ability for a medication to work. Its important to let healthcare professionals know what medications you take so this does not occur.

Chapter 7 quiz: 20/20

Your brain is probably producing _____ waves as you read this sentence.

 

theta

 

alpha

 

delta

 

beta

beta

Examination of motifs and brain connectivity is most associated with:

 

MRI

 

EEG

 

resting-state fMRI

 

PET

resting-state fMRI

This is an example of _____.

 

MRI

 

DTI

 

fMRI

 

PET

DTI

In MRI, a _____ is used to align _____ along their axis of spin.

 

radioactive pulse; neutrons

 

magnetic field; protons

 

radioactive pulse; protons

 

magnetic field; neutrons

magnetic field; protons

Which technique is currently used in the treatment of the tremors and rigidity associated with Parkinson disease?

 

psychotherapy

 

temporal brain stimulation

 

deep brain stimulation

 

superficial brain stimulation

deep brain stimulation

Which brain-imaging technique would likely be used to confirm the presence of a patient's brain tumor?

 

single-cell recording

 

X-ray

 

EEG

 

PET scan

PET scan

PET experiments distinguish brain regions associated with a specific cognitive function from regions active during more elementary processing through use of the _____ method.

 

addition

 

exclusion

 

control

 

subtraction

subtraction

The fMRI technique makes use of activity-dependent changes in:

 

radioactive decay.

 

glucose accumulation.

 

myelin density.

 

blood-oxygen levels.

blood-oxygen levels.

The signal measured in a PET scan is generated by:

 

radioactive decay.

 

transmembrane ion flux.

 

blood oxygen levels.

 

magnetic fields.

radioactive decay.