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In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of __________.
democratic and social republics.
Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified __________ as a female figure.
Liberty
According to Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their __________ and national costume.
flags
During the nineteenth century, __________ emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.
nationalism
The end result of the changes in the nineteenth century was the emergence of the __________ in place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.
nation-state
A modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a __________, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.
clearly defined territory
A nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of __________ and shared history or descent.
common identity
The first clear expression of nationalism came with the __________ in 1789.
French Revolution
The political and constitutional changes after the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the __________ to a body of French citizens.
monarchy
The ideas of __________ (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
la patrie
The Estates General was elected by the body of the active citizens and renamed the __________.
National Assembly
The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from __________.
despotism
Students and other educated middle-class members began setting up __________ clubs.
Jacobin
The French armies began to carry the idea of __________ abroad.
nationalism
Through a return to monarchy, __________ destroyed democracy in France but incorporated revolutionary principles to improve administration.
Napoleon
The Civil Code of 1804, known as the __________, did away with privileges based on birth, established equality before the Law, and secured the right to property.
Napoleonic Code
Businessmen began to realize that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement of __________.
goods and capital
In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of __________.
Liberty
Increased taxation and __________ were seen as drawbacks to the advantages of the administrative changes.
censorship
Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies, and __________ whose rulers had their autonomous territories.
cantons
The only tie binding the diverse groups in the Habsburg Empire was a common allegiance to the __________.
emperor
The growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes laid the foundation for a changing __________ structure.
social
In early-nineteenth-century Europe, nationalism were closely allied to the ideology of __________.
liberalism
Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the __________.
law
The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning __________.
free
A constitution and representative government through __________ were essential components of liberalism.
parliament
The right to vote was historically generated exclusively to __________ owning men.
property
Opposition movements demanding equal political rights were organized by women and non-propertied __________.
men
The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of __________ and capital was an important liberal demand.
goods
Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of __________.
conservatism
Most conservatives during the post-Napoleon era believed that modernization could strengthen traditional institutions like the __________.
monarchy
The representatives of the European powers who defeated Napoleon met at __________ in 1815 to draw up a settlement for Europe.
Vienna
The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to __________ in 1815.
power
After 1815, revolutionary meant a commitment to oppose __________ and fight for liberty and freedom.
monarchical forms
Giuseppe Mazzini was a key figure who believed that god intended nations to be the __________ units of mankind.
natural
During the years following 1815, many liberal-nationalists were driven __________ due to fear of repression.
underground
The nationalist feelings among the educated elite were mobilized significantly during the Greek War of __________.
independence
The development of nationalism was driven not only by wars and territorial expansions but also through __________.
culture
Romanticism sought to develop a particular form of __________ sentiments.
nationalist
Language played an important role in developing __________ sentiments.
nationalist
Many members of the __________ began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.
clergy in Poland
The 1830s were years of great economic __________ in Europe.
hardship
The first half of the nineteenth century saw a significant increase in __________ in Europe.
population
The National Assembly proclaimed a republic, granting __________ to all adult males above 21.
suffrage
In June 1845, weavers in __________ led a revolt against their contractors over wages.
Silesia
The revolution of 1848 was characterized by the demands of the liberal middle classes for a __________.
constitutional government
Women had formed their own political associations and taken part in political meetings and __________.
demonstrations
The issue of extending political rights to __________ was controversial within the liberal movement.
women
Monarchs began to realize that revolutions could be curtailed by granting __________ to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.
concessions
After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with __________ and revolution.
democracy
Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for German __________.
unification
The nation-building process in Germany demonstrated the dominance of __________ state power.
Prussian
Like Germany, Italy too experienced a long history of political __________.
fragmentation
Giuseppe Mazzini sought to create a coherent program for an Italian __________.
Republic
The failure of revolutions in Italy meant that the mantle of unification now fell on __________ under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II.
Sardinia-Piedmont
Many scholars argue that the model of the nation-state is __________.
Great Britain
Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in __________.
1801
By the middle of the nineteenth century, nationalism became a narrower creed with __________ ends.
limited
The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area known as the __________.
Balkans
The Balkan states were jealous of each other, hoping to gain more __________ at each other's expense.
territory
