ho

In 1848, Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, prepared a series of four prints visualizing his dream of a world made up of __________.

democratic and social republics.

Artists of the time of the French Revolution personified __________ as a female figure.

Liberty

According to Sorrieu’s utopian vision, the peoples of the world are grouped as distinct nations, identified through their __________ and national costume.

flags

During the nineteenth century, __________ emerged as a force which brought about sweeping changes in the political and mental world of Europe.

nationalism

The end result of the changes in the nineteenth century was the emergence of the __________ in place of the multi-national dynastic empires of Europe.

nation-state

A modern state, in which a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a __________, had been developing over a long period of time in Europe.

clearly defined territory

A nation-state was one in which the majority of its citizens, and not only its rulers, came to develop a sense of __________ and shared history or descent.

common identity

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the __________ in 1789.

French Revolution

The political and constitutional changes after the French Revolution led to the transfer of sovereignty from the __________ to a body of French citizens.

monarchy

The ideas of __________ (the fatherland) and le citoyen (the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.

la patrie

The Estates General was elected by the body of the active citizens and renamed the __________.

National Assembly

The revolutionaries declared that it was the mission and destiny of the French nation to liberate the peoples of Europe from __________.

despotism

Students and other educated middle-class members began setting up __________ clubs.

Jacobin

The French armies began to carry the idea of __________ abroad.

nationalism

Through a return to monarchy, __________ destroyed democracy in France but incorporated revolutionary principles to improve administration.

Napoleon

The Civil Code of 1804, known as the __________, did away with privileges based on birth, established equality before the Law, and secured the right to property.

Napoleonic Code

Businessmen began to realize that uniform laws, standardized weights and measures, and a common national currency would facilitate the movement of __________.

goods and capital

In many places such as Holland and Switzerland, the French armies were welcomed as harbingers of __________.

Liberty

Increased taxation and __________ were seen as drawbacks to the advantages of the administrative changes.

censorship

Germany, Italy, and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies, and __________ whose rulers had their autonomous territories.

cantons

The only tie binding the diverse groups in the Habsburg Empire was a common allegiance to the __________.

emperor

The growth of towns and the emergence of commercial classes laid the foundation for a changing __________ structure.

social

In early-nineteenth-century Europe, nationalism were closely allied to the ideology of __________.

liberalism

Liberalism stood for freedom for the individual and equality of all before the __________.

law

The term ‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning __________.

free

A constitution and representative government through __________ were essential components of liberalism.

parliament

The right to vote was historically generated exclusively to __________ owning men.

property

Opposition movements demanding equal political rights were organized by women and non-propertied __________.

men

The abolition of state-imposed restrictions on the movement of __________ and capital was an important liberal demand.

goods

Following the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, European governments were driven by a spirit of __________.

conservatism

Most conservatives during the post-Napoleon era believed that modernization could strengthen traditional institutions like the __________.

monarchy

The representatives of the European powers who defeated Napoleon met at __________ in 1815 to draw up a settlement for Europe.

Vienna

The Bourbon dynasty, which had been deposed during the French Revolution, was restored to __________ in 1815.

power

After 1815, revolutionary meant a commitment to oppose __________ and fight for liberty and freedom.

monarchical forms

Giuseppe Mazzini was a key figure who believed that god intended nations to be the __________ units of mankind.

natural

During the years following 1815, many liberal-nationalists were driven __________ due to fear of repression.

underground

The nationalist feelings among the educated elite were mobilized significantly during the Greek War of __________.

independence

The development of nationalism was driven not only by wars and territorial expansions but also through __________.

culture

Romanticism sought to develop a particular form of __________ sentiments.

nationalist

Language played an important role in developing __________ sentiments.

nationalist

Many members of the __________ began to use language as a weapon of national resistance.

clergy in Poland

The 1830s were years of great economic __________ in Europe.

hardship

The first half of the nineteenth century saw a significant increase in __________ in Europe.

population

The National Assembly proclaimed a republic, granting __________ to all adult males above 21.

suffrage

In June 1845, weavers in __________ led a revolt against their contractors over wages.

Silesia

The revolution of 1848 was characterized by the demands of the liberal middle classes for a __________.

constitutional government

Women had formed their own political associations and taken part in political meetings and __________.

demonstrations

The issue of extending political rights to __________ was controversial within the liberal movement.

women

Monarchs began to realize that revolutions could be curtailed by granting __________ to the liberal-nationalist revolutionaries.

concessions

After 1848, nationalism in Europe moved away from its association with __________ and revolution.

democracy

Prussia took on the leadership of the movement for German __________.

unification

The nation-building process in Germany demonstrated the dominance of __________ state power.

Prussian

Like Germany, Italy too experienced a long history of political __________.

fragmentation

Giuseppe Mazzini sought to create a coherent program for an Italian __________.

Republic

The failure of revolutions in Italy meant that the mantle of unification now fell on __________ under its ruler King Victor Emmanuel II.

Sardinia-Piedmont

Many scholars argue that the model of the nation-state is __________.

Great Britain

Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom in __________.

1801

By the middle of the nineteenth century, nationalism became a narrower creed with __________ ends.

limited

The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area known as the __________.

Balkans

The Balkan states were jealous of each other, hoping to gain more __________ at each other's expense.

territory