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What is an exception to the purposes of the committee system in Congress?
Providing direct constituent representation.
Which article of the Constitution allows each House to determine its own procedural rules?
Article I, Section 5.
Why do congressional leaders schedule bills strategically?
Bills not on the schedule cannot pass.
In the current congressional structure, what role do party leaders have?
Can be replaced by party members.
What does the 'Party in the Electorate' primarily consist of?
Ordinary citizens who identify with the party.
Committee system in Congress
Serves multiple purposes except for providing direct constituent representation.
Article I, Section 5
Provides the basis for each House determining its own procedural rules.
Strategic scheduling of bills
Done to maximize the chances of passing bills, as bills not on the schedule cannot pass.
Party leaders in Congress
Can be replaced by party members and are not absolute dictators.
Party in the Electorate
Comprises ordinary citizens who identify with the party.
Congressional lawmaking process
Does NOT include executive review as a step.
Bill introduction prohibition
Senators are prohibited from submitting bills.
Cloture
Requires a supermajority of 3/5 (60%) to end a filibuster.
Descriptive representation
Focuses on demographic matching.
House Rules Committee
Cannot introduce legislation directly.
Bicameral differences resolution
Typically resolved through one chamber passing the other's version.
Constituents influence on votes
Most strongly influence members' votes on newsworthy votes.
Partisan polarization
Most evident in scenarios lacking 60 Senate votes.
Executive Order
A presidential directive implementing policy.
Executive Agreement
Differs from a treaty as it does not require congressional approval.
Constraining factors of Executive Orders
Most constrained by judicial review.
Presidential appointment powers
Require Senate majority confirmation.
Factors reducing presidential approval
Economic recession is a typical factor.
Key characteristic of Executive Agreement
Ability to be made without full congressional ratification.
Honeymoon period
Typically lasts during the first 100 days of a presidency.
Head of each department in federal bureaucracy
Typically a Secretary.
Regulatory agencies
Responsible for restricting a type of economic activity.
Congress control of bureaucracy tools
Does NOT include executive orders.
Replacing government workers with political supporters
Referred to as the spoils system.
Maintenance function agency
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) is part of this function.
Number of departments in executive branch
There are 15 departments.
Agency responsible for national security
The National Security Agency (NSA).
Agency restricting insider trading of stocks
The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).
Note 
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