Cardiovascular System and Blood Response to Exercise Flashcards

Flashcards covering the cardiovascular system and blood's response to exercise.

What are the three important functions of blood during exercise?

Transportation, temperature regulation, and acid-base balance.

How does blood volume vary?

It varies with body size and state of training.

What are the components of centrifuged whole blood?

55% plasma and 45% formed elements.

What are the types of blood cells?

White blood cells (leukocytes), blood platelets (thrombocytes), and red blood cells (erythrocytes).

What is hematocrit?

The percentage of the total blood volume composed of red blood cells, typically between 40% and 45%.

What is blood viscosity?

Thickness of the blood; higher hematocrits result in higher blood viscosity, increasing the risk of heart attack, stroke, etc.

What is the lifespan of a red blood cell?

About 4 months.

How do red blood cells get destroyed during exercise?

Wear and tear of circulation, increased temperature, and pounding of the feet during running.

What is hemoglobin?

A protein (globin) and pigment (heme) that carries oxygen to tissues in red blood cells.

What is the average amount of Hb per 100mL of blood and how much O2 can it bind?

There is an average of 15g of Hb per 100mL of blood and each gram of Hb can bind 1.33 mL of O2.

What are three blood doping methods used to increase red blood cell (RBC) production?

ESAs (e.g., EPO), HBOCs, and HBTs.

What is erythropoietin (EPO)?

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agent produced naturally by the kidneys when RBCs deliver oxygen to the working muscles.

What are Hemoglobin Oxygen carriers (HBOCs)?

Artificial blood substitutes.

What is Homologous Blood Transfusion (HBT)?

It is using the same blood type and is a method of blood doping.

State the relationships among pressure, resistance, and flow

Blood flow = Δ Pressure / Resistance; Resistance = Length  viscosity / Radius4

What would happen if a blood vessel reduces by one-half?

The resistance would increase sixteen-fold.

List the components of the cardiovascular system that change during exercise.

Heart rate, stroke volume, cardiac output, blood flow, and blood pressure.

What is normal resting heart rate?

60 to 80 beats/minute.

What is anticipatory response?

Pre-exercise heart rate will normally be increased well above normal resting values

How does heart rate change during exercise?

Your heart rate increases directly as you increase your exercise intensity, until you are near the point of exhaustion.

How can maximal heart rate be estimated?

HRmax = 220 – age in years or HRmax = 208 − (0.7 × age in years)

What is steady-state heart rate?

Heart rate plateau reached during constant rate of submaximal work; it is the optimal heart rate for meeting circulatory demands at that rate of work.

What is the main determinant of cardiorespiratory endurance capacity at maximal rates of work?

Stroke volume.

What is the Frank-Starling Mechanism?

Increased stretch of the ventricle due to increased venous return.

What factors cause contractility?

Catecholamines.

What leads to decreased peripheral resistance?

Vasodilation of blood vessels in working muscles.

What is the resting value for cardiac output?

Approximately 5 L·min-1

How does systolic BP change during exercise?

Systolic BP increases in direct proportion to increased exercise intensity.

How does diastolic BP change in endurance exercise?

Changes little if any during endurance exercise, regardless of intensity.

What is the Valsalva maneuver?

A maneuver performed During resistance exercise that exaggerates BP responses.

What does RPP stand for and how is it calculated?

Rate-Pressure Product; calculated as heart rate multiplied by systolic blood pressure (HR x SBP).

What is the arteriovenous oxygen difference (a-vO2 difference)?

It's the amount of oxygen extracted from the blood as it travels through the body; calculated as the difference between the oxygen content of arterial blood and venous blood.

What happens to a-vO2 diff with exercise intensity?

Increases with increasing rates of exercise as more oxygen is taken from blood.

Explain the Fick equation

VO2 =Q̇  a-vO2 diff; represents the relationship between the body’s oxygen consumption (VO2), the arterio-venous oxygen difference (a-vO2 diff) and cardiac output.

What happens to plasma volume during exercise?

Plasma volume decreases during exercise due to water being drawn from the blood plasma and out of the body as sweat.

What is hemoconcentration?

A higher concentration of red blood cells per unit of blood due to the loss of plasma volume.