ANA300 - Meninges and Cerebral Hemispheres

Cerebral hemispheres are ______ separated by the _______

bilaterally paired, longitudinal fissure

Cerebral hemispheres are anatomically ______ but functionally ______

symmetrical, asymmetrical

Diencephalon is _______ buried within the cerebral hemispheres, including _____,_____ and ____

grey matter, thalami, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Brainstem includes the ____, _____ and ____

midbrain, pons, medulla

Brainstem contains vital ______, ______ ___

autonomic centres, cranial nerve nuclei, white matter tracts

Cerebellum consists of bilaterally paired ______, separated from the cerebral hemispheres by the _________

transverse fissure

Highly folded ____ and _____ increase surface area of the brain

sulci (grooves), gyri (bumps)

Particularly deep sulci are called _______

fissures

Variability in sulci and gyri between _____ and ____ of the same brain, however some consistency divides brain into ___—

brains, hemispheres, landmarks

Left to right

• Lateral fissure

• Central sulcus

• Parieto-occipital fissure

  • Preoccipital notch

A-M

A: Skin

B: Periosteum

C: Cranium

D: Dura matter

E: Periosteal layer

F: Meningeal layer

G: Dural reflection

H: Dural venous sinus

I Subdural space (potential space)

J: Arachnoid matter

K: Subarachnoid space (contains CSF, BVs)

L: Matter

M: Cerebral cortex

A-F

A: Falx cerebri

B: Parietal lobe

C: Lateral fissure

D: Temporal lobe

E: Tentorium cerebelli

F: Cerebellum

A-B

A: Falx cerebri

B: Tentorium cerebelli

The falx cerebri separates the _______

right and left cerebral hemisphere

Tentorium cerebelli separates the _______ of the _____ from the ______

occipital lobe, cerebrum, cerebellum

Falx cerebri in the ______ fissure and tentorium cerebelli in the ____ fissure

longitudinal, transverse

Top to bottom

• Diaphragma sellae (dural reflection around pituitary stalk)

• Pituitary gland

• Sella turcica of sphenoid

The diaphragma sellae stabilizes position of the ________ in the skull base

pituitary gland

D-H

D: Tentorium cerebelli

E: Brainstem

F: Cerebellum

G: Foramen magnum

H: Spinal cord

A-D

A: Superior sagittal sinus

B: Inferior sagittal sinus

C: Straight sinus

D: Confluence of sinuses

Dural venous sinuses drain venous blood from ________ into R/L ________

Cerebral veins, internal jugular veins

Outside-inside

• Dura mater

• Subdural space

• Arachnoid mater

• Subarachnoid space

• Arachnoid trabeculae

• Pia mater

• Cerebral vein

• Perivascular space

Outside-inside

• Dura mater

• Superior sagittal sinus

• Subdural space

• Arachnoid mater

• Arachnoid granulation

• Falx cerebri

• Subarachnoid space

• Arachnoid trabeculae

• Pia mater

A-F

A: Confluence of sinuses

B: Transverse sinus

C: Sigmoid sinus

D: Cavernous sinus

E: Superior petrosal sinus

F: Inferior petrosal sinus

Sigmoid sinus runs to

jugular foramen

Cavernous sinus receives _______ from orbit

opthalmic veins

The ______ is a more direct root from cavernous to jugular foramen/sinus

Inferior petrosal sinus

The nervous system originates from a hollow, fluid filled tube; the ______

neural tube

Enclosed fluod-filled space, the _______ forms the _______ of the CNS

neural canal, ventricular spaces

Ventricular spaces contain _____ produced by the _____

CSF, choroid plexus

__ between the_ cells of the choroid plexus forms the ___

TJs, ependymal, blood-CSF barrier

____ between the ___ cells of the cerebral BVs form the _______

TJs, endothelial cells, blood-ISF barrier

Capillaries in neural tissue are of the _____ type

continuous

BBB breakdown results in ____ permeability of brain capillaries and causes ______, which increases ______ and can act like a space occupying lesion

increased, vasogenic edema, intracranial pressure

In BBB imaging, seen with a _______ that doesn’t cross intact BBB

contrast agent

BBB breakdown occurs in ___, _______ and _____

tumors, arteriovenous malformations, inflammation

__________ are associated with the cerebra hemispheres

Bilaterally paired lateral ventricles

______ is associated with the diencephalon

third ventricle

______ is associated with the midbrain

Cerebral aqeduct

_______ is associated with the pons, medulla, cerebellum

fourth ventricle

The ________ is associated with the spinal cord

central canal

The ______ is usually blocked in pathology

cerebral aqueduct

The central canal opens ______ into the fourth ventricle

rostrally

The _____ has 3 openings into the subarachnoid space

fourth ventricle

A-F

A: R/L lateral ventricles

B: Intraventricular foramen

C: Third ventricle

D: Cerebral aqueduct

E: Fourth ventricle

F: Central canal

G: Median aperture

H: Lateral apertures

Total volume of CSF is ~_______

150mL

We produce ______ of CSF/day and turnover ____

500mL, 3 times

CSF circulates through ____, enters the ______ via _______ apertures of the fourth ventricle

ventricles, subarachnoid space, median, lateral

CSF circulates in ______ space

subarachnoid

CSF is returned to venous blood via ________ in dural venous sinuses and along sheaths of _____ and ____ surrounding ____

arachnoid granulations, cranial, spinal nerves, lymphatics

Cerebral hemispheres receive ______ from, issue ____ to, the _______

sensory information, motor commands, opposite side of the body

The cerebral cortex is ______

grey matter

The subcortex is _____

white matter

Subcortical whit matter carries afferent information toward and efferent information away from _____________

neuronal cell bodies of cerebral cortex

Subcortical matter may be _____, ____ or ____ fibres

association, commissural, projection

Commissural tracts

• Corpus callosum

• Cross midline

Association fibres

Do not cross the midline

Projection fibres

Connect cerebral hemisphere with lower structure

Buried within the brain are ____ structures such as the ____ () and _____()

grey matter structures, basal nuclei (ganglia), diencephalon (thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus)

Movement is planned and initiated in

specific dedicated cortical areas

All sensory modalities reach the ____, most after a relay in the ____

cerebral cortex, thalamus

Each modality has an area dedicated to its ______ ()

perception, primary sensory cortexE

Each modality has an area dedicated to its _____, ()

interpretation, primary association cortexEa

In put from the various sensory modalities are integrated in the ____

multimodal association cortices

Primary motor cortex controls _______

voluntary, skilled movement

Area of the motor homunculus is _____ to precision of movement of the body part

proportional

The prefrontal cortex functions in the _____ and ______ of movement, and control of ____

programming, preparation, posture

Primary somatosensory cortex (Postcentral gyrus) controls _________

Perception of somatosensation

Area of sensory homunculus is _______ to the density of sensory innervation of a given body part

proportional

Somatosensory association cortex is responsible for interpretation of ____ and ______

somatosensation, conscious awareness of the contralateral half of the body

Visual cortex located on either side of the ________ in the ____ lobe, functions in _______

calcarine fissure, occipital, visual perception

Visual association cortex is the remainder of the _____ lobe

occipital

Role of visual association cortex

• Interpretation of visual images in the context of past experience

• Lesion causes deficit in visual interpretation and recognition

Primary auditory cortex located in the ____ within the ________

temporal lobe, lateral fissure

Role of primary auditory cortex

• Conscious perception of sound

• Tonotopic (pitch) map of cochlear duct

Auditory association cortex is located in the _______

adjacent portions of the temporal lobe

Sensory speech area (____) in the _____

Wernicke’s area, dominant area

The non-dominant hemisphere of the sensory speech area, interprets _____ ()

prosidy (musical components of language)

Motor speech area located in ______ anterior to ______

portions of frontal lobe, precentral gyrus

Motor speech area (aka. ______)located in the _____ (usually the __) hemisphere only

Broca’s area, dominant, left

The non-dominant hemisphere of the motor speech area, interprets ___

prosidy

The gustatory cortex is located in the _______

inferior part of postcentral gyrus and insula

Gustatory cortex interprets

conscious perception of taste

Olfactory complex located in the _____ and responsible for _______

temporal lobe, conscious perception of smell

Multimodal association cortices include the ______ and ________

Prefrontal cortex, inferior portions of parietal lobe

Prefrontal cortex integrates information from _________, responsible for ________

various association cortices, high intellectual functions

Inferior portions of parietal lobe are the interface between ______, ____, and _____ association cortices

somatosensory, visual, auditory

The basal nuclei includes the (4)

• Caudate

• Putamen

• Globus pallidus/pallidum

• Substantia nigra, subthalamus

A: Caudate

B: Putamen

C: Globus pallidus

D: Substantia nigra

A-N

A: Primary motor cortex

B: Premotor cortex supplementary motor area

C: Primary somatosensory cortex

D: Somatosensory association cortex

E: Primary visual cortex

F: Visual association cortex

G: Primary auditory cortex

H: Auditory association cortex

I: Sensory speech area

J: Motor speech area

K: Primary gustatory cortex

L: Primary olfactory cortex

M: Prefrontal cortex

N: Inferior portions of parietal lobe

Basal nuclei functions in _____

normal voluntary movement

Basal nuclei is not directly connected to _____, therefore doesn’t directly _____

spinal cord, control movement

Diseases of basal nuclei present with

• Hypokinesis (without paralysis) or hyperkinesis

• Altered posture and muscle tone

• Altered cognition, behavioural disturbances

• ie. Parkinsons

Sensory nuclei of the thalamus

• Vision (lateral geniculate nucleus)

• Hearing (medial geniculate nucleus)

• Somatic sensation, conscious proprioception, taste (ventral posterior)

Motor nuclei of thalamus

• Associated with basal nuclei and cerebellum

• Movement planning and control (VA, VL)

Limbic nuclei of the thalamus control ____, ___ ()

Emotions, mood, (anterior group)

Association nuclei in the thalamus integrates _____ and connects with _____

sensory information, association cortices

Intrinsic and diffuse projecting nuclei influences levels of ______

arousal

Hypothalamus maintains homeostasis via _____ and ___ means in response to ____ and __ input

neural, hormones, interoceptive, limbic

Hypothalmamus regulates:

• Reproductive

• autonomic and instinctive functions

• Food/water intake