DRRR - Earthquakes

Lesson 1&2

Pacific Ring of Fire

It is the geographical location of the Philippines making it prone to earthquake

Philippine Fault Lines

It is the boundary that runs from the North along to the South of the Country

Earthquake

It is when rocks in the earth's crust break, and waves travel through the earth in all direction, it also causes the ground to shake and tremble.

Volcanic Earthquake

These are earthquakes caused by volcanic eruptions where its effects are usually felt only in surrounding areas of erupting volcanoes.

Tectonic Earthquake

It occurs when there is movement during the earth's crust, where it covers a wider area than volcanic earthquakes.

Plate Tectonic Theory

It explains how the earth's lithosphere is made up of separate plates that are in constant motion, called tectonic plates.

Crust

It is one of the composition of the earth where it is referred to as the outer layer of the earth, and is visible to the naked eye.

Continental Crust

It is one of the type of crust, where it is describe as the outer layer that is the thickest in the continents or the land part of the earth.

Oceanic Crust

It is one of the type of crust, where it is describe as the thinnest in the oceans.

Mantle

It is the layer the underneath of the crust, and is made up of rock materials.

Magma

It is the part of the upper mantle that is a layer of semi-liquid molten rock, which flows slowly underneath the crust.

Core

It is the innermost part of the earth, which is made up of liquid, solid iron and nickel.

Liquid Iron

It is the iron that makes up the outer core.

Solid Iron

It is the iron that makes up the inner core.

Lithosphere

It is made up of the crust and the solid upper mantle, where it is made up of plates.

Asthenosphere

It is describes as a hot, soft rock layer where the lithosphere floats.

Continental Plate

One of the plates where it makes up the land part of the earth.

Oceanic Plate

One of the plates where it holds the earth's oceans, it is denser and thinner.

North American, South American, Eurasian, African, Indo-Australian, Antarctic, Pacific, Nazca, Cocos

Nine Major Plates

Convection Currents

It is the heat caused by the earth's inner core, which heats up the mantle then rises and sinks the magma, while the magma rises and spreads then cool and sinks, dragging the plates.

Plate Boundaries

It is the area where plates meet.

Divergent Boundary/Spreading Center

It is the type of boundary where plates are moving away from each other, as magmas rises from the mantle it forms into mid-ocean ridges.

Mid-Ocean Ridges

It is the vast mountain chains found in the ocean, where seafloor spreading occurs.

Convergent Boundary/Subduction Zone

It is the type of boundary where two plates moves toward each other.

Volcano Arc

It is formed when oceanic plate collides with a continental plate, forming a chain of volcanoes.

Island Arc

It is when two oceanic plate collide, it is described as a curved chain of oceanic island.

Trenches

It is the deepest part of the ocean an is formed when an island arc occurs during the collision of oceanic plates.

Mountain Range

It is when two continental plates collide, just like the Himalayas where Indian and Eurasian Plate collided.

Ring of Fire

It is a zone of frequent of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions around the Pacific Ocean.

Transform Plate Boundary

It is where two plate slide past each other, swhere its movement is not smooth because of the friction between the rocks that can lead to being stuck and locked together.

Faults

It is the areas on the crust where fractures are created by the motion of the plates, it also absorbs the motion of the plates.

Seismic Waves

It is the form of energy released by the travel of an earthquake.

Seismograph

It is the instrument where seismic waves are measured.

Body Waves

It is one of the basic kind of seismic wave that strikes first during an earthquake where it travels within the outward, moving outward in all directions from the focus, where fault begins to break.

Surface Waves

It is one of the basic kind of seismic wave that strikes after body wave where it only travels the surface of the earth, also travels in parallel, and is slower than body waves. It also causes the up-down, back-forth motions of the ground.

Primary/P-Waves

It is the fastest kind of body wave where it travels through gases, liquids, or solids.

Secondary/S-Wave

It is the second to arrive after p-wave, which is felt like a powerful jolt.

Seismology

It is the study of earthquakes, from causes up to their effects.

Seismologist

They are the scientist that studies seismology.

Seismogram

It is the result of the shaking on the ground recorded by the seismograph, which then helps determine the focus and epicenter of the earthquake.

Focus

It is called foci when in plural form, its is the hypocenter where earthquakes happen or begins.

Intensity

It describes to what extent an earthquake can cause, damage, etc. on a particular place.

Magnitude

It describes how strong an earthquake is as perceived by human

Mercalli Intensity Scale

It is the scale developed by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902 to measure the intensity based on the amount of damage on structures, with levels from 1-12.

Rossi-Forel Scale

It is also one of the scale used to measure the intensity of an earthquake, with its measurement being how it is felt ranging from hardly perceptible-extremely strong shock.

Richter Scale

It is used widely to describe the magnitude of an earthquake, which its scale has room from the maximum motion recorded by instruments thus having no upper limit to the highest magnitude. It ranges from 2.5, 4.4, 6.0, 7.0, 8.0.

Tsunami

It is one of the causes of earthquake, where it is described as a huge, fast-moving wave that originates on the ocean floor when an earthquakes occur in that area.

Destruction of Buildings

It is a primary cause of earthquake that can be seen almost after an earthquake.

Landslides

It is one of the causes of earthquake where materials such as rocks and soil are loosened and starts to move downhill, which can move at a very high speed. If its in low speed, it can cause mudflow.

Liquefaction

It is a phenomenon which the strength and stiffness of soil is reduced brought on by the earthquake, much like a quicksand.

Fire

It is a secondary effect of an earthquake where it might shake electrical wire and uproot electrical posts, causing a fire.