APES Unit 2.3 Island Biogeography

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8 Terms

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Describe how island biogeography affects which species live on islands.

Species Diversity increases as Island Area and Distance from Mainland increases

  • Some animals are capable of maintaining energy while traveling long distances

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Island Biogeography

How species are distributed/interact on islands

Species-Area Curve: Larger Islands = More Species

  • Also seen by isolated terrestrial habitats

  • LogS = zLogA + logC

    • S = Species

    • A = Island Area

    • Z = positive Slope

Large Island:

  • More likely found by dispersing species from nearby mainland

  • Support more Individuals

  • Contain more varied biotic/abiotic conditions = Experimental Conditions + Opportunities for Evolution

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Ecological Relationships and Size

Smaller Islands: Fewer Species → Predators extinct → Flourishing primary consumers → Higher producer mortality

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Rates of Colonization and Extinction

  1. Rate of Colonization Decreases w/ More Species: B/c fewer new species

  • Rate of Extinction Increases w/ More Species: More predation, competition, parasitism

  1. Islands Near Mainland = Higher Rates of Colonization: More migration

  • Large Islands = Lower Rates of Extinction:  Support more/larger populations and migration

  • Intersections: Species go extinct as much as species colonize (equilibrium)

<ol><li><p><strong>Rate of Colonization Decreases w/ More Species:</strong> B/c fewer new species</p></li></ol><ul><li><p><strong>Rate of Extinction Increases w/ More Species:</strong> More predation, competition, parasitism</p></li></ul><p></p><ol start="2"><li><p><strong>Islands Near Mainland = Higher Rates of Colonization:</strong>&nbsp;More migration</p></li></ol><ul><li><p><strong>Large Islands = Lower Rates of Extinction:</strong> &nbsp;Support more/larger populations and migration</p></li></ul><ul><li><p><strong>Intersections:</strong>&nbsp;Species go extinct as much as species colonize (equilibrium)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Specialists and Invasive Species

Island species become specialists because: Isolation = Specific Conditions and Resources

→ Less Natural Threats and Interaction

→ Lose Adaptations

  • Optimizes Fitness

→ Increases vulnerability of invasive species/diseases/generalists introduced by humans

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Patches

Have different abiotic factors

  • Perimeter/Surface Area

  • Edge Effect: windier, dryer, disease-ridden— more vulnerable due to not in the middle of nature

  • Monoculture

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Habitat Fragmentation

Process of Large and Contiguous Habitats diving into smaller, isolated patches of habitats

  • Clear cutting, logging, highways, biking

  • Not all species thrive

  • natural selection

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Habitat Corridors

Connect habitats to make them less fragmented

  • Maintain genetic diversity

  • Increase core area