Intro to Nutrition CH.3 (Pt.2)

What does the nervous system tell you about eating and drinking?

When to eat and drink and when to stop.

What do extrinsic nerves do?

Communicate changes in the GI tract and stimulate motility.

Where do extrinsic nerves originate?

In the brain or spinal cord.

What do intrinsic nerves do?

Receive messages from extrinsic nerves and respond by stimulating the release of digestive juices.

Where are intrinsic nerves located?

In the linings of the esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines.

What do hormones communicate to the brain?

Feelings of hunger or satiety.

What two hormones communicate feelings of hunger or satiety?

Ghrelin and PYY.

Where are nutrients absorbed after digestion?

Into the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Where are water-soluble nutrients absorbed?

Into the cardiovascular system.

Through what vein do water-soluble nutrients travel to the liver?

The hepatic portal vein.

What are examples of water-soluble nutrients?

Carbohydrates, amino acids, and water-soluble vitamins.

Where are fat-soluble nutrients absorbed?

Into the lymphatic system.

What are examples of nutrients absorbed into the lymphatic system?

Fat-soluble vitamins, long-chain fatty acids, and proteins.

Why are fat-soluble vitamins, long-chain fatty acids, and proteins transported through the lymphatic system?

They are too large to be transported through the capillaries.

What happens to waste products remaining after nutrient absorption?

They are removed by the excretory system.

What do the kidneys do?

Filter the blood, allowing waste products to be concentrated in the urine and excreted.

What are some common digestive disorders?

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease.

What is GERD also known as?

Indigestion or acid reflux.

What happens to the lower esophageal sphincter in GERD?

It does not close properly.

What happens when the lower esophageal sphincter does not close properly?

HCl from the stomach can flow into the esophagus.

What are typical symptoms of GERD?

Chronic heartburn and stomach acid reflux.

What foods and drinks are generally associated with GERD?

Chocolate, fatty foods, coffee, soda, onions, and garlic.

What may help with GERD?

Dietary changes, behavior modification, antacids, prescription drugs, or surgery.

How common is esophageal cancer in the digestive tract?

It is one of the most common cancers of the digestive tract.

Who typically suffers from esophageal cancer?

Males over age 50 living in urban areas who smoke and drink heavily.

What treatments can be used for esophageal cancer?

Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy.

What generally causes belching?

Swallowing amounts of air.

What can cause belching?

Eating too fast, drinking carbonated beverages, anxiety, gum chewing, or smoking.

What are symptoms of stomach flu?

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramping.

How are stomach flu symptoms treated?

Rest, rehydration, and eating soft foods.

What causes foodborne illness?

Consuming food or drink contaminated with a pathogenic microbe.

What microbes can cause foodborne illness?

E. coli, Salmonella, or Campylobacter.

What do most foodborne illnesses require?

Rest and rehydration.

What is an ulcer?

A sore or erosion in the lining of the lower region of the stomach or upper part of the duodenum.

What bacterium is often involved in the creation of ulcers?

Helicobacter pylori.

What are common symptoms of ulcers?

Vomiting, fatigue, bleeding, general weakness, and burning pain.

How can ulcers be treated?

Prescription drugs, dietary changes, and/or surgery.

What can happen if an ulcer is left untreated?

Peritonitis, scar tissue that can obstruct food and cause vomiting and weight loss, and a greater risk for stomach cancer.

Who is gallbladder disease diagnosed most frequently in?

Women and older Americans.

What are contributing factors to gallbladder disease?

Obesity and rapid weight loss.

What can an unhealthy gallbladder create?

Gallstones.

What are gallstones formed from?

Cholesterol in the gallbladder or bile duct.

What are treatments for gallstones?

Surgery for gallbladder removal, prescription medication, shock-wave therapy, or a combination of therapies.

How does the body adapt after the gallbladder is removed?

By secreting bile directly into the duodenum.

What is celiac disease?

A genetic autoimmune disorder that damages the small intestine when foods containing gluten are consumed.

What happens to the small intestinal villi in celiac disease?

They flatten out.

What does flattening of the small intestinal villi cause?

Nutrient malabsorption.

What causes celiac disease?

An abnormal reaction to the protein gluten.

What foods contain gluten?

Rye, wheat, and barley.

What are symptoms of celiac disease?

Reoccurring abdominal bloating, cramping and/or gas, diarrhea, foul-smelling stools, weight loss, anemia, and bone or joint pain.

What serious problems can celiac disease increase the risk for?

Osteoporosis, diminished growth, and seizures.

How is celiac disease diagnosed?

With a blood test and tissue biopsy of the small intestine.

How is celiac disease treated?

By following a gluten-free diet.

What foods should be eliminated on a gluten-free diet?

All foods that contain wheat.

What foods can be included in a gluten-free diet?

Milk, meat, eggs, fruits, vegetables, rice, potatoes, beans, millet, and amaranth.

How much oats may be tolerated on a gluten-free diet?

Moderate amounts, up to ¼ cup.

Have gluten-free diets become a fad?

Yes.

Should people who are not diagnosed with celiac disease avoid gluten-containing foods?

No.

Why are gluten-free diets not necessarily healthier?

Many nutritious foods are eliminated from the diet.

Does gluten itself provide nutritional benefits?

No.

What beneficial nutrients can gluten-containing foods provide?

Fiber, vitamins, and minerals.

What are many gluten-free products made with?

Refined, unenriched gluten-free grains.

What are some nutritional problems with many gluten-free products?

They are high in fat and low in essential nutrients.

What is another disadvantage of gluten-free products?

They are expensive.

What is flatulence?

The formation of intestinal gas.

How often is intestinal gas released in most adults?

10 to 20 times a day.

What can cause flatulence?

Foods high in fiber and starch, eating quickly, drinking carbonated beverages, lack of exercise, and smoking.

What is diarrhea?

The passage of watery, loose stools more than three times a day.

What generally causes diarrhea?

Bacterial, viral, or parasitic infections that cause food and fluids to pass too quickly through the colon.

What can chronic diarrhea be a sign of?

A more serious problem.

What can untreated diarrhea lead to?

Malnutrition.

What serious complication can diarrhea cause?

Dehydration and potentially death, particularly in children and the elderly.

How is diarrhea treated?

Fluid and electrolyte replacement.

What is constipation?

Infrequent passage of dry, hardened stools.

What is constipation often caused by?

Insufficient fiber or water intake.

What are other causes of constipation?

Stress, inactivity, smoking cessation, and various illnesses.

What can help resolve constipation?

Exercise, normal eating patterns, and proper rest.

Why should laxatives be used sparingly?

They can cause dehydration, salt imbalances, and laxative dependency.

What should be avoided as a treatment for constipation?

Colon cleansing (enema).

What are hemorrhoids?

Swelling of the veins of the rectum and anus.

What symptoms can hemorrhoids cause?

Bleeding, itching, and/or pain.

Is the exact cause of hemorrhoids known?

No

What factors can contribute to hemorrhoids?

Straining to pass dry stools, pregnancy, constant constipation or diarrhea, and aging.

How are hemorrhoids treated?

Increased dietary fiber and fluid intake.

How can itching and pain from hemorrhoids be relieved?

Creams, ice packs, and soaking in a warm bath.

What may be required for severe hemorrhoids?

Surgery.

What is irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)?

Changes in colon rhythm.

What happens in people with IBS?

They have an overresponse to colon stimuli, resulting in alternating diarrhea, constipation, and abdominal pain.

Is the exact cause of IBS known?

No

How is IBS treated?

Increased dietary fiber, stress management, and prescription drugs.

What is ulcerative colitis?

Chronic inflammation of the large intestine that causes ulcers in the lining of the colon.

Does ulcerative colitis tend to run in families?

Yes

Who can be affected by ulcerative colitis?

Both men and women, usually beginning between ages 15 and 30.

Is there a known cause or cure for ulcerative colitis?

No

How is ulcerative colitis treated?

Drug therapy and surgery.

What is Crohn’s disease?

A condition similar to ulcerative colitis, but ulcers can occur throughout the GI tract.

Is there a known cause or cure for Crohn’s disease?

No

How is Crohn’s disease treated?

Drug therapy and possibly surgery.

How serious is colon cancer?

It is the third leading cause of cancer death but is one of the most curable cancers if detected early.

How does colon cancer begin?

With polyps on the lining of the colon.