Motor control week 1

Which situation involves object manipulation?

Carrying a tray while walking

Standing balance

Sitting quietly

Walking with no object

Carrying a tray while walking

The concept of "many-to-one mapping" in motor performance means:

Movements are identical each time

Many movement patterns can achieve the same goal

One movement pattern can achieve many goals

Skills cannot adapt to new contexts

Many movement patterns can achieve the same goal

Which is more attention-demanding?

Closed skills

Open skills

Neither

Both equally

Open skills

Serial skills are:

Continuous without parts

Always open skills

Reflex-based actions

Discrete skills linked together in sequence

Discrete skills linked together in sequence

Bernstein's work emphasized:

Coordination of movement and variability in practice

Skills as genetically predetermined

Skill acquisition as passive observation

Elimination of feedback in skill learning

Coordination of movement and variability in practice

Which is a closed skill?

Catching a baseball

Playing basketball

Typing on a keyboard

Driving on a freeway

Typing on a keyboard

Which is NOT an open skill?

Catching a ball

Playing basketball

Flipping a switch

Driving on a freeway

Flipping a switch

In soccer, passing to a teammate during practice is an example of:

Open skill

Closed skill

Discrete only

Serial only

Open skill

Continuous skills are defined as:

Arbitrary beginning/end with repetition

Having clear start and end

Performed once only

Always involving fine musculature

Arbitrary beginning/end with repetition

Which example demonstrates motor performance?

A single golf swing in today's practice session

Long-term retention of a golf swing

Consistency over many years

Recovery after ACL reconstruction

A single golf swing in today's practice session

Dimension 2 (Function of Action) includes:

Body stability vs. transport, object manipulation vs. none

Gross vs. fine

Open vs. closed

Reflex vs. voluntary

Body stability vs. transport, object manipulation vs. none

Open motor skills are:

Always serial skills

Performed in changing/moving environments

Always fine skills

Determined solely by the performer

Performed in changing/moving environments

Which term involves studying how the neuromuscular system activates and coordinates muscles during skill performance?

Motor learning

Neuromotor processes

Motor control

Motor development

Motor control

Why is skill classification useful in rehabilitation?

Eliminates cognitive demands

Helps design appropriate skill progressions for patients

Guarantees faster recovery

Reduces patient engagement

Helps design appropriate skill progressions for patients

Which is the simplest skill category in Gentile's taxonomy?

Variable environments with objects

Serial skills in open settings

Body stability, no object, stationary environment, no variability

Body transport with manipulation

Body stability, no object, stationary environment, no variability

Which statement about motor development is correct?

It ignores motor learning issues

It excludes motor control processes

It spans from infancy through old age

It focuses only on early childhood growth

It spans from infancy through old age

Gentile's taxonomy arranges skills:

By cultural preference

Randomly

From simplest to most complex combinations

By age of learner

Which is a continuous skill?

Typing a single letter

Throwing a dart

Cycling

Kicking a ball

Cycling

Why classify motor skills?

To restrict practice types

To understand learner demands and guide practice/rehab

To prove one theory is correct

To eliminate variability in learners

To understand learner demands and guide practice/rehab

Neuromotor processes involve:

External environmental factors shaping performance

Only the brain structures coordinating movement

Both nervous and muscular system functions for movement control

Only the muscles involved in producing a skill

Both nervous and muscular system functions for movement control

Which is NOT part of motor learning?

Study of reflex arcs

Acquisition of skills

Performance enhancement

Reacquisition after injury

Study of reflex arcs

Which term refers to specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments?

Movements

Processes

Actions

Skills

Movements

Which of these aligns with Bernstein's approach?

Minimizing cognitive engagement

Encouraging variability and active problem solving

Reducing learner decision-making

Eliminating variability in practice

Encouraging variability and active problem solving

Gentile's taxonomy is based on:

Efficiency and adaptability only

Environmental context and function of the action

Reflexes and learned actions

Muscle size and task goal

Environmental context and function of the action

Why are open skills harder to learn?

Require fast decision-making and tracking of motion

Have fewer environmental demands

Require less attention

Never involve feedback

Require fast decision-making and tracking of motion

Which is a fine motor skill?

Jumping rope

Walking

Squatting

Buttoning a shirt

Buttoning a shirt

Which term is most closely linked with the nervous system's coordination of movement?

Movement

Motor control

Motor learning

Skill

Motor control

Actions and motor skills are often considered:

Subtypes of movements

Reflexive behaviors

Opposites

Synonymous

Synonymous

Which is an open skill?

Typing a password

Bench press

Golf putt on an empty course

Returning a tennis serve

Returning a tennis serve

Which is BOTH fine and gross?

Archery

Swimming

Handwriting

Walking

Archery

Motor learning primarily emphasizes:

Immediate reflex responses

Decline in abilities with age

Solely neural activity

Acquisition and reacquisition of skills and performance enhancement

Acquisition and reacquisition of skills and performance enhancement

Practical application of Gentile's taxonomy includes:

Eliminating variability

Removing feedback

Replacing other classification systems

Profiling competencies and planning progressions

Profiling competencies and planning progressions

Discrete skills:

Are repetitive with no clear end

Cannot be learned

Always involve serial sequences

Have clearly defined start and end points

Have clearly defined start and end points

Which is NOT a defining feature of motor skills?

Goal-directed

Require control of joints/segments

Performed voluntarily

Innate and not learned

Innate and not learned

Which question aligns most with motor learning research?

How do neurons fire during walking?

How does gait differ in infants vs. elderly adults?

How does reflex latency change with fatigue?

How does feedback affect learning a new tennis serve?

How does feedback affect learning a new tennis serve?

The concept of redundancy in the motor system means:

Skills are constrained to single joint movements

Redundancy prevents skill learning

Only one movement solution per task

Multiple solutions can achieve the same goal

Multiple solutions can achieve the same goal

Which field examines motor behavior across the lifespan?

Motor learning

Motor control

Skill analysis

Motor development

Motor development

Which is part of Dimension 1 (Environmental Context)?

Performer skill level

Regulatory conditions

Body stability

Object manipulation

Regulatory conditions

Gross motor skills involve:

Only finger dexterity

Reflexive movements

Minimal energy use

Large musculature for goal achievement

Large musculature for goal achievement

Bernstein described motor skill learning as:

Muscle memory only

Fixed programming

Reflex chaining

Problem solving

Problem solving

Which of the following is NOT part of a skillful performance?

Efficiency

Consistency

Adaptability

Rigidity

Rigidity

Which is a discrete skill?

Flipping a light switch

Steering a car

Cycling

Rowing

Flipping a light switch

Which is a serial skill?

Typing an unfamiliar word on a keyboard

Typing a single key

Walking

Jumping

Typing an unfamiliar word on a keyboard

Which term best describes quality of performance?

Movement

Neuromotor process

Skill

Action

Skill

Which is the most complex skill category?

Open, with body transport and object manipulation, variable trials

Closed with body stability

Fine motor skill only

Stationary with no manipulation

Open, with body transport and object manipulation, variable trials

Which scenario best illustrates motor learning?

A reflex blink to air puff

A baby's Moro reflex

A stroke patient regaining ability to walk

A sudden stumble on uneven ground

A stroke patient regaining ability to walk

Which is a benefit of starting with closed skills in practice?

They remove feedback

They are always more efficient

Lower attentional and decision-making demands

They are always easier physically

Lower attentional and decision-making demands

Which of the following best defines a motor skill?

Neural activity without behavioral output

Any repetitive movement regardless of purpose

A task requiring voluntary control of body movements to achieve a goal

A reflexive action performed automatically

A task requiring voluntary control of body movements to achieve a goal

Which example demonstrates applying Gentile's taxonomy in PT?

Teaching only closed skills

Avoiding environmental variability

Progressing a stroke patient from seated reaching to walking while carrying an object

Focusing only on efficiency

Progressing a stroke patient from seated reaching to walking while carrying an object

Intertrial variability refers to:

Performer's fatigue level

Consistency of performer skill

Changes in regulatory conditions across attempts

Nonregulatory distractions

Changes in regulatory conditions across attempts

Motor performance differs from motor learning in that performance:

Always indicates long-term retention

Reflects temporary behavior at a given time

Is unaffected by fatigue or environment

Cannot be measured directly

Reflects temporary behavior at a given time

Which is NOT an example of a closed skill?

Picking up a cup

Typing

Driving in traffic

Walking in an empty hallway

Driving in traffic

Closed motor skills are performed in:

Group of answer choices

Moving environments dictated externally

Random changing surfaces

Stationary environments determined by performer

Social settings only

Stationary environments determined by performer