Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding

Vocabulary and key concepts related to the history of the atom, fundamental subatomic particles, and types of chemical bonding as described in the lecture notes.

Paramanu

A term used by Maharshi Kannada in the 6th Century B.C. to describe indestructible minute particles of matter; now known as atoms.

Anu

A particle formed by the combination of paramanus that does not exist in a free state; now known as a molecule.

Atomos

The Greek word from which 'atom' is derived, meaning indivisible.

Dalton's Atomic Theory

The first scientific theory of the structure of matter (1808) stating that atoms are indivisible particles that cannot be created or destroyed.

Static Electricity

The electrification of objects created by rubbing them with each other, also known as frictional electricity.

Electron

A negatively charged subatomic particle; the name was suggested by G.J. Stoney (1874) and its existence was shown by J. J. Thomson.

Proton

A positively charged subatomic particle discovered by E. Goldstein.

Neutron

A subatomic particle discovered by James Chadwick.

Fundamental Particles

The building blocks of all atoms, specifically identified as electrons, protons, and neutrons.

Mass Number

The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic Number

The number of protons found in the nucleus of an atom.

2n^2 Rule

The rule used in Bohr's model to determine the distribution of electrons in different orbits.

Octet Rule

A rule regarding the chemical activity of an atom, relating to the tendency of atoms to have eight electrons in their outermost shell.

Isotopes

Atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but different mass numbers; examples include hydrogen, carbon, and chlorine.

Electrovalent Bond

Also known as an ionic bond, it is defined by the formation of ions through the transfer of electrons between atoms.

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms to achieve a duplet or octet configuration.

Radical

A particle formed upon the breaking of a covalent bond.

Rutherford's Experiment

An experiment involving alpha particles and gold foil used to discover the atomic nucleus.