Bio 2 Lab Final

What does a p-value < 0.05 indicate?

A statistically significant result; reject the null hypothesis.

What does a p-value > 0.05 indicate?

Not statistically significant; fail to reject the null hypothesis.

If t-stat > critical value, what does it mean?

The result is statistically significant.

What chemical in coffee affects the body?

Caffeine (a stimulant and antioxidant).

What active compounds are in kava?

Kavalactones (sedative, calming effects).

Name the three types of lichen.

Crustose, foliose, fruticose.

What are the two life stages of cnidarians?

Polyp (asexual, sessile) and medusa (sexual, motile).

What is the body cavity of Platyhelminthes?

Acoelomate (no body cavity).

Do Annelida have segmentation?

Yes, they are segmented.

Do Platyhelminthes have a complete digestive tract?

No, it's incomplete.

Name three animals in Mollusca.

Snails, squids, clams.

Who are Chelicerata (e.g., horseshoe crabs) closely related to?

Arachnids (spiders, scorpions).

What are the three tagmata of arthropods?

Head, thorax, abdomen.

What is the most diverse animal phylum?

Arthropoda

How many legs per segment do millipedes have?

Two pairs.

How many legs per segment do centipedes have?

One pair.

What is ecdysis?

Shedding of exoskeleton (molting).

What are the five features of chordates?

Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, post-anal tail, endostyle.

What kind of symmetry do humans have?

Bilateral symmetry.

What is the function of the lateral line in fish?

Detects vibrations and water movement.

What is the function of a swim bladder?

Buoyancy control.

What are Osteichthyes?

Bony fish.

What are Chondrichthyes?

Cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays).

What is a vestigial structure?

A reduced, non-functional trait from an ancestor.

Endotherm.

Organism that regulates its body temperature internally.

Ectotherm

Organism that relies on external heat sources.

Poikilotherm

Organism with a variable body temperature.

What is heterodont dentition?

Teeth of different types (incisors, molars, canines).

What is homodont dentition?

All teeth are the same shape.

Major features of reptiles?

Scales, amniotic eggs, lungs, ectothermic, no larval stage.

Why are amphibians restricted to water?

Moist skin and unshelled eggs require water.

What groups have amniotic eggs?

Reptiles, birds, mammals.

Who did tetrapods evolve from?

Lobe-finned fish (Sarcopterygii).

Do all tetrapods share the same internal limb structure?

Yes, they have a homologous limb structure.