Biology Final

Study Guide for the Bio Final

What is an animal?

Eukaryotic, Multicellular, Phagocytic (Heterotrophic)

How many phylum of animals are there?

36

How many total animal species are known?

1,220,098+

What are the three largest animal groups?

Anthropods, Molluscs, and Chordates

How many species of arthropods are there?

1,000,000

How many species of molluscs are there?

110,000

How many species of Chordates are there?

42,500

What are the two animal classification schemes?

Metazoa and Eumatzoa

What does Metazoa mean?

Multicellular animals that are characterized by their complex tissue structures and diverse body plans

What does Eumatzoa mean?

A kingdom of animals that has multicellular forms

What are the three body types?

Acoelomate, Pseudocoelomate, Eucoelomate

What does Acoelomate mean?

They lack a coelom. they have no true body cavities between the layers of their tissues

What does pseudocoelomate mean?

animals that have a body cavity, called a pseudocoel, that is not completely lined by mesoderm (the middle tissue layer. Animals that possess a pseudocoelom, which is a fluid-filled body cavity located between the endoderm and mesoderm

What does Eucoelomate mean?

an animal they possess a true coelom, a body cavity completely lined by mesoderm

What is an invertebrate?

an animal without a backbone

what is a vertebrate?

an animal that has a backbone and a skeleton

what are the development classifications?

Deuterostome and protostome

what does deuterostome mean?

a group of animals characterized by a specific pattern of embryonic development where the anus forms before the mouth. In Greek it means second-mouth

what does protostome mean?

animals with a spiral determinate cleavage, a mouth that develops before the anus in embryos, true tissues, and are bilaterally symmetric. Is Greek for first mouth.

Phylum: Porifera

Sponges

What does Porifera mean?

pore bearer/ “filled with holes?

Where do sponges live?

in marine (saltwater), palustrine (freshwater), and estuarine (mixed salt/fresh)

What are sponges?

least advanced group of animals

what are the major characteristics of sponges?

asymmetrical body shape (no symmetry), only phylum without symmetry, multicellular, no tissues (only phylum without tissues), body composed of spongin and spicules

what is spongin?

elastic protein

what are spicules?

hard skeletal portion of body. (CaCO3 or SiO2) hard material that composes spicules

what do sponges eat?

they are filter feeders

what is Ostia?

small openings or pores in the body of an animal, particularly in the context of sponges and the circulatory system

What are spongocoel?

the large, central cavity found within the body of a sponge

What is osculum?

a large opening in a sponge through which water exits the animals body after being filtered

what does choanocytes/collar cells?

cells that line the interior of asconoid, syconoid, and leuconoid body types of sponges that contain a central flagellum, or cilium, surrounded by a collar of microvilli which are connected by a thin membrane

What are the modes of lifestyle for sponges?

sessile and benthic

What does sessile mean?

attached, permanent. it does not swim, float, or crawl

what does benthic mean?

lives on bottom of a body of water

what are some examples of sponges?

Euplectella (Glass Sponge or Venus Flower Basket), Commercial Beth Sponges, and Spongilla (freshwater sponge)

What are Glass Sponges or Venus’s Flow Baskets (Euplectella)?

hard bodied sponge composed of silicon dioxide

What are commercial bath sponges?

generic name for commercial sponges, used for soft applications such as gentle skin or fine finishes.

What are Spongilla?

freshwater sponges that are very rare. they require very clean water. common in NE Alabama.

Phylum: Cnidaria

Jellyfish, sea anemones, coral, hydra

What are the major characteristics of cnidaria?

Aquatic, primarily marine. radial symmetry (round body shape (disc, cylinder or sphere)), body can be directed into an infinite number of mirror images

Where does symmetry first occur?

in the Cnidaria

What is the oral side of the body?

the side of the body with the mouth

what is the aboral side of the body?

side of the body opposite the mouth

Where is the first occurrence of tissues?

the cindaria

What are the three tissue types?

Ectoderm, Endoderm, Mesoderm

What is the ectoderm?

outer layer of tissue

what is the endoderm?

the inner layer of tissue

what is the mesoderm?

the middle layer of tissue

How many tissues do cnidarians have?

3

how many tissues do humans have?

200

What is the body shape of the cnidarian?

Simple body form with tentacles that surround the mouth. Mouth in the middle, tentacles form a circle around the opening

what are the morphological body forms of a cnidarian?

polyp and medusoid

what is a polyp?

mouth and tentacles face upward, sessile

what is an example of a polyp?

sea anemone

what is an example of a medusoid?

mouth and tentacles face down, free-swimming

what is an example of a medusoid?

jellyfish

where does the name medusoid originate?

from medusa where anything has snake looking tentacles (like a jellyfish) is classified as a medusoid

where is the first occurrence of a digestive tract?

cnidarian

What are the different types of digestive tract?

gastrovascular cavity and blind gut

what is a gastrovascular cavity?

primitive digestive system that consists of mouth which opens into a chamber

what is a blind gut?

slang term for a “one hole” digestive system

how do cnidarians hunt?

cnidoblasts and nematocysts

what are cnidobalsts?

stinging cells on the tentacles

what are nematocysts?

needle like stinger that contains venom

what is the travel rates of nematocysts?

2 meters per second

what are examples of cnidarian?

hydra, physalis, cyanea, aurelia, chironex, anthozoans

what is hydra?

freshwater cnidarian

what is physalia?

Portuguese man-o-war, floating cnidarian, extremely toxic, lethal to children and some adults

what is cyanea?

largest jellyfish (3 meter diameter, North Atlantic Ocean)

what is Aurelia?

common gulf jellyfish, painful, but not lethal, max size is like a human fist

what is Chironex?

Australian box jellyfish, most venomous animal in the world, 2 minutes to death after stinging in some cases, may swim as fast as a person, 5 million nematocysts per square mm

what are anthozoans?

flower animal (most colorful of all cnidarians, resemble flowers), sea anemone and corals (calcium carbonate exoskeleton)

what are vermiform?

worms

what is bilateral symmetry?

a body that can only be dissected once to give two equal body regions, the most advanced type of symmetry

what is the sagittal plane?

this is the plane that forms bilateral symmetry

what is the dorsal plane?

the side of the body with the back

what are the two side of the dorsal plane?

frontal and ventral planes

ventral

side of the body with the belly

anterior

head end of the body

posterior

tail end of the body

superior

upper half of the body

traverse plane

divider anterior superior

posterior

tail end

inferior

lower half of the body

what is cephalization?

specialization of the head end for sensory perception

what is a body cavity?

internal space for housing internal organs and muscle tissue

what does acoelomate mean?

no body cavity

what does pseudocoelomate mean?

false body cavity

what does coelomate or eucoelomate mean?

true body cavity

what are characteristics of a true body cavity?

A true body cavity is larger than the false cavity and is completely fluid tight and surrounded by protective tissue

what is the purpose of a body cavity?

improved circulation, improved movement, enhanced organ development, organ cushion

Phylum: Platyheiminthes

flatworms

what are the characteristics of flatworms?

free living in moist soil or parasitic (parasites live in or on the body of another animal or plant called the host), acoelomates and flat, cephalization, bilateral symmetry, blind gut or no digestive system

who has the 1st cephalization?

flatworms or Platyhelminthes

who has the 1st bilateral symmetry?

flatworms or Platyhelminthes

what are the three classes of flatworms?

free-living flatworms, liver flukes, tapeworms

What are Tubellaria/Free-living Flatworms

Free-living detriviores, protusible pharynx, light sensitive, auricles (arrows on head)

What are Trematoda/Flukes

internal (end) parasites, specifically intestine, multiple (3) hosts (usually a snail, fish, and a mammal like a dog, human, or sheep), flat elliptic body

examples of fluke?

sheep liver fluke, oriental liver fluke

sheep liver fluke

very large fluke of herbivores