Scientific Management (Taylorism)

Scientific Management (Taylorism)

Scientific Management (Taylorism)

Focuses on efficiency by studying tasks scientifically and standardizing the “one best way” to perform work.

Administrative Management (Fayol)

Emphasizes the principles of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling as the core functions of management.

Bureaucratic Management (Weber)

Advocates clear hierarchy, formal rules, and impersonal relationships to ensure fairness and efficiency.

Early Behaviorism (Mayo, Follett, Munsterberg)

Highlights the importance of human factors such as teamwork, motivation, and psychology in management.

Human Relations – Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)

Suggests employees are motivated by a progression of needs, from basic survival to self-actualization.

Human Relations – Theory X/Theory Y (McGregor)

Proposes managers hold two views of workers: Theory X (workers dislike work and need control) vs. Theory Y (workers seek meaning and responsibility).

Behavioral Science Approach

Applies insights from psychology, sociology, and related fields to understand and improve workplace behavior.

Operations Management

Focuses on designing and controlling processes to improve efficiency, quality, and productivity.

Evidence-Based management

Uses data, research, and systematic evidence to make better managerial decisions instead of relying on intuition.

Systems Viewpoint

Sees organizations as open systems interacting with their environment through inputs, processes, and outputs.

Complexity Theory

Recognizes organizations as dynamic, adaptive systems where small changes can produce large, unpredictable effects.

Contingency Viewpoint

Holds that the best management style depends on the situation; there is no single “best way.”

Learning Organization

An organization that continuously adapts by encouraging knowledge sharing, innovation, and collective learning.

High-Performance Work Practices

Human resource practices (like selective hiring, training, and empowerment) that boost employee performance and organizational results.