mrs smith biotech honors genetics and meiosis quiz

heredity

The passing on a physical or mental characteristics from one generation to another through genes

father of genetics born in 1822

Gregor Mendel

Who discovered fertilization

Mendel

True breeding

Pollinating a flower from another flower from the same plant

Mendel classified as peas as

self pollinating

character

A heritable feature

original pair of plants is called the

parental generation (P)

The offspring of the P generation are called the

first filial or F1 generation

when plants from the F1 generation are crossed the offspring are called

F2

hybrid

The offspring processes between plants from the P generation

how many characteristics of the F1 generation have from the parent plants?

One

Mono hybrid

One trait crossed

dihybrid

two traits crossed

Chemical factors that determine traits

Jeans

alleles

Two units of heredity that each organism contains for each trait

principle of dominance

Some are dominant, and others are recessive

What will always be expressed in this represented by capital letter

Dominant allele

what has no noticeable contribution if a dominant trait is present and is represented by a lowercase letter

recessive allele

phenotype

Organisms outward appearance

genotype

Organisms genetic makeup

homozygous

two of the same alleles

heterozygous

Two different alleles

homologous

Structures that have the same structure, two copies of the same chromosome

ultra versions of genes create

Variations in inherited characteristics

Gametes

sex cells

law of segregation

two alleles for a herutable trait r separated during gametogenesis and end up in different gametes

law of independent assortment

each pair of alleles segregates independently of other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

segregation

The separating of alleles

what occurs during the formation of the gametes

segregation

Allelic frequencies help

predict the outcome of a cross

codominance

more than one trait is dominant

example for codominance

blood types

incomplete dominance

The dominant recessive trait mixed together

frequency of recessive alleles

The recessive allele is usually much more common than the dominant allele

multiple alleles

More than two forms of alleles exist for most human traits

pleiotropy

most machines have more than one phenotypic effect

ePISTASIS

A gene at one location, alters the effect of a gene and another (the hair colored gene is affected by a different gene that is responsible for the amount of pigment in the follicles.)

polygenic inheritance

Treats that are affected by genes are multiple chromosomes (gives us distribution of skin color)

nature versus nurture

The environment in which an organism lives can alter its phenotypic expression

why do cells need to divide?

Growth repair and reproduction

meiosis

Used to reduce a number of chromosomes from diploid (2N) to haploid (1N)

haploid cells

Called gametes cells contain one set of chromosomes

tetrad

Homologous chromosomes paired up

crossing over

pieces of the homo chromosomes are exchanged

interphase

DNA is replicated in sister chromatids are joined at the centromere

prophase one

chromosomes condense, impaired up crossing over occurs, increases, genetic varability

metaphase one

Ted trades are now aligned along the metaphase plate

ana phase 1

chromosomes move towards the poles

telophase 1 (cytokinesis)

each cell is now haploid, but still consist of pairs of sister chromatids cytokinesis what the cell cells are now 1N equals 23

prophase two

Spindle fibers grow again and sister chromatid pairs move toward the metaphase plate

metaphase two

Chromosomes are now at metaphase plate and are not genetically identical due to crossing over

anaphase 2

Sister chromatid separate at the centromere region and move toward opposite poles

telophase 2 (cytokinesis)

nuclei began to form and DNA begins to unravel cytokinesis divides the cell. There are now four haploid cells (N equals 23) each daughter cell is genetically unique (genetic variation).

how many chromosomes do humans have?

46

how many autosomes do humans have?

44

autosomes

Body chromosomes

how many sex cells do humans have?

Two

what do sex chromosomes determine?

Gender

karyotype

A picture of chromosomes in their condensed form

when do scientist take a picture of chromosomes to study?

In mitosis phase because they are coiled and easier to see

how many pairs and sets are chromosomes arranging into to study?

23

autosomes are paired with

homologous match and arranged largest smallest

What is paired last?

Sex chromosomes

Who is responsible for the gender of the baby?

The male

what's the chance to get a male or a female?

50-50

non-disjunction

When meiosis fails in homologous chromosomes failed to separate results in cells having an abnormal number of chromosomes

monosomy

Missing chromosomes 45 total person with Turner's syndrome has only one sex chromosome (XO) called this

trisomy

Extra chromosome 47 total person down syndrome has three copies of chromosome number 21 or person with Klinefelter syndrome has three copies of sex chromosomes (XXY) – often sterile

expression of recessive traits

Heterozygous individuals are called carriers (mating of close relatives increases the chances of recessive disorders.)

examples of dominant disorders

Dwarfism and Huntington's

Multifactorial nature versus nurture

Diseases that are based in genetics, but the chances of getting it are tied to the environment like heart, disease, and diabetes type two

sex linked traits

Always expressed in the mail may have a low chance in females due to a random X in activation unless homo I guess

chromosomes with the same number of genes at the same location are said to be

homologous

phenotype is a blend of traits of each allele

incomplete dominance