AP Biology Unit 2 Study Guide

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What is the role of the plasma membrane in cells?

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AP Biology Unit 2 Study Guide

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1

What is the role of the plasma membrane in cells?

The plasma membrane regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, providing structure and protection.

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2

Define osmosis.

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration.

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3

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering activation energy.

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4

Explain the concept of diffusion.

Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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5

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A prokaryotic cell is a unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

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6

What are the main functions of ribosomes?

Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis by translating messenger RNA into polypeptides.

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7

Define ATP.

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is the primary energy carrier in cells, providing energy for cellular processes.

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8

What is cellular respiration?

Cellular respiration is the process by which cells convert biochemical energy from nutrients into ATP, releasing waste products.

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9

Differentiate between passive and active transport.

Passive transport moves substances across cell membranes without energy input, while active transport requires energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.

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10

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

The cytoskeleton provides structural support, helps in cell movement, and plays a role in intracellular transport.

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11

The process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy is called ________.

Photosynthesis.

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12

The ________ is the fluid component inside the chloroplast where the light-independent reactions take place.

Stroma.

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13

The genetic material of prokaryotic cells is located in the ________ region of the cell.

Nucleoid.

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14

The monomer units that make up proteins are called ________.

Amino acids.

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15

In eukaryotic cells, the ________ is responsible for modifying and packaging proteins for secretion.

Golgi apparatus.

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16

The movement of water and solutes into a plant cell occurs through ________ pressure and osmotic pressure.

Turgor

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17

The primary energy currency of cells is ________ (adenosine triphosphate).

ATP.

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18

The ________ is a network of protein filaments and tubules that helps the cell maintain its shape and aids in movement.

Cytoskeleton.

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19

What is tonicity?

Tonicity refers to the ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water.

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20

What are the three types of tonicity?

Hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic.

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21

What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution?

The cell swells and may burst due to water influx.

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22

What occurs in an isotonic solution?

The cell remains the same size as water moves in and out at equal rates.

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23

What is the effect of a hypertonic solution on a cell?

The cell shrinks as water exits the cell.

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24

What is osmoregulation?

Osmoregulation is the process by which organisms regulate water and solute concentrations in their bodies.

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25

How do plant cells react in hypotonic environments?

They become turgid due to water entering, which presses against the cell wall.

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26

What mechanisms do organisms use for osmoregulation?

Organisms can use ion channels, transport proteins, and vacuoles to manage water balance.

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27

Why is osmoregulation important for homeostasis?

It helps maintain the proper balance of fluids, which is crucial for cellular function.

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28

The ________ is the site of protein synthesis within the cell where mRNA is translated into polypeptides.

Ribosome.

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29

The ________ functions as the control center of the cell, housing the genetic material DNA.

Nucleus.

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30

The ________ is the outer membrane that surrounds and protects eukaryotic cells.

Plasma membrane.

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31

In eukaryotic cells, the ________ is responsible for the synthesis of lipids and detoxification of drugs.

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

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32

The ________ modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Golgi apparatus.

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33

The ________ are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.

Lysosomes.

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34

The ________ is a membranous structure involved in the production of ATP through cellular respiration.

Mitochondrion.

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35

The ________ is a network of protein filaments that helps maintain the shape of the cell and facilitates cell movement.

Cytoskeleton.

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36

________ are organelles that conduct photosynthesis in plant cells.

Chloroplasts.

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37

The area within the cell excluding the nucleus is known as the ________.

Cytoplasm.

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38

The ability of a membrane to allow certain substances to pass through while restricting others is known as ________.

Selective permeability.

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39

________ is the process by which large molecules move across the plasma membrane via vesicles.

Bulk transport.

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40

The ________ model describes the structure of the plasma membrane as a mosaic of various proteins embedded in a fluid lipid bilayer.

Fluid mosaic.

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41

Membranes become less permeable to water as the temperature ________.

Decreases.

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42

________ are proteins that assist in the transport of substances across a membrane without requiring energy input.

Facilitated diffusion.

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43

In plant cells, the plasma membrane is located ________ the cell wall.

Inside.

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44

The movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called ________.

Osmosis.

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45

A solution with a higher solute concentration compared to the cell is termed ________.

Hypertonic.

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46

In a(n) ________ solution, the concentration of solutes is equal inside and outside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

Isotonic.

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47

The process by which cells regulate the concentration of their internal environment is referred to as ________.

Homeostasis.

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