Studied by 24 peoplewhat were Aristotle’s early ideas about life on Earth?
species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity
how long did Aristotle’s ideas last?
2000 years
what was Linnaeus first to do?
first to group similar organisms and assign latin names
what language is used for scientific naming?
latin
what are the two words called in a scientific name?
Genus species
what is the scientific naming system known as?
binomial nomenclature
Charles Lyell
uniformitarianism
George Cuvier
species extinction (catastrophism)
Thomas Malthus
struggle for existence (resources)
James Hutton
gradualism
Lamarck
inheritance of acquired characteristics, law of use and disuse
Wallace
organisms evolved from common ancestors
which book was published first - the origin of species by darwin or mendel’s papers?
origin of species by darwin
what was the name of George Cuvier’s theory on evolution?
catastrophism
what did Cuvier study in Paris and what did he find?
studies fossils in sedimentary rock strata
found some species completely disappeared
what did Cuvier decide was responsible for the disappearance of some species?
catastrophic event of Earth’s crust
who was James Hutton?
a Scottish geologist
what did Hutton study?
fossils of invertebrate in the Paris Museum
what were Hutton’s ideas known as?
gradualism
briefly state Hutton’s idea of geological change
took millions of years, slow continuous process
what theory did Lyell propose?
uniformitarianism
what is uniformitarianism?
geological processes at uniform rates building and wearing down Earth’s crust. proposed earth was millions of years old instead of thousands
how old did Lyell propose the Earth was?
millions of years old
how old did most people believe the Earth was before Lyell?
2000 years old
how did reading Lyell’s book help Darwin on his voyage on the Beagle
explained the geological processes that shaped the Earth. helped Darwin understand the sea shells in the Andes mountains at 12,000+ feet above sea level. explained Earth’s age
Lamarck was one of the first scientists to understand that change occurs…
over time
Lamarck believed that changes were adaptations to the ---- that organisms ---- in their lifetime and he thought could be passed on to ---
environment, acquired, offspring
what is the law of use and disuse?
body part used → makes it stronger
body part not used → makes it deteriorate
who proposed the law of use and disuse?
Lamarck
what was Lamarck’s theory of evolution called?
inheritance of acquired characteristics
according to the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, new --- could arise over time
species
if a blacksmith build up his muscles then he would have what type of sons?
muscular
if a giraffe stretched its neck reaching for leaves, what type of necks would the offspring have?
long necks
what did Lamarck not know that made his theory incorrect?
genetics, how traits are actually inherited and passed through genes
are genes changed by life activities?
no
what year and what age did Darwin become the naturalist for the ship the HMS Beagle
joined 1831 at age 22
when was Darwin born?
Feb 12, 1809
how long was the Beagle voyage around the world?
5 years
what coast did Darwin sail around?
south america
where are the galapagos islands?
1000km west off south america
how were the galapagos islands formed?
volcanic activity
what did Darwin discover about the animals on each type of island?
they were very unique
how did the island species of finches and tortoises compare with those on the islands?
they were varied
how did the necks of tortoises compare with each other?
they had either long or short necks
what type of finch did the island finches resemble?
mainland finches
was the available food and habitat the same on all the islands?
no, different islands have different resources
what was different about the finches and why?
they had different types of beaks because of what environment they lived in
list 3 observations darwin made on his travels that led him to propose his revolutionary idea about the way life changes over time
patterns of diversity, unique adaptations, and species not evenly distributed
give an example of the uneven distribution of species noted by darwin
sugar glider and flying squirrel
kangaroos and rabbits
llamas
what did darwin collect?
living organisms and fossils of organisms
give 2 examples of fossils collected by darwin in which the species were no longer in existence
trilobites and giant sloths
evolution
slow, gradual change in a population of organisms overtime
left unchecked, what did darwin predict would happen to the number of individuals in a population?
the number of organisms in each species would increase exponentially generation to generation
in nature, what tends to happen to the size of populations over time
remain stable in size
competition among members of a population occur due to a limited number of what?
environmental resources
how many offspring produced survive to the next generation?
only a fraction
what is the struggle for environmental resources commonly called?
survival of the fittest
how do individuals in a population compare with each other?
no two individuals are exactly alike
variation in a population is?
inheritable
which organisms in a population are most likely to live offspring to pass on their traits?
the ones most fit for the environment
what process was proposed by darwin?
natural selection
who proposed natural selection?
charles darwin
what is darwin’s theory of natural selection?
the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in population with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations
what evolve according to natural selection?
new species
who was Malthus?
economist in 1798 that influenced darwin’s thinking
malthus observed what about the birth rate of babies?
babies are being born faster than people are dying
malthus knew population size was limited by what?
resources
according to malthus, a high birth rate and limited resources caused what to happen?
life and death competition
what are some things that organisms struggle for in the environment?
food, living space and mates
what did malthus say would happen if the population size continued to grow unchecked?
there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone
the --- rate should increase to balance the --- of a population and the limited --- in the environment
death, size, food
did darwin see malthus’ ideas occuring in nature?
yes
most organisms produce --- offspring than survive causing many to ---
more, die
darwin proposed that organisms descended from what?
a common ancestor
over time, according to darwin, organisms --- their form causing evolution of new ---
change, species
what is the driving force for evolution?
natural selection
during the struggle for survivial, which organisms survive to pass on their traits?
the strongest
about how long after he returned to england did darwin publish his book about evolution?
25 years
why did darwin wait so long to publish his ideas?
afraid of being an attacked or called an outcast, his ideas were extremely controversial
what ideas did darwin’s theory of evolution challenge?
religious and scientific ideas
what made darwin publish his book?
he received an essay from alfred wallace
who independently developed the same theory as darwin?
alfred wallace
both darwin and wallace believed that --- changed over time due to a
--- for existence
species, struggle
when and where were darwin and wallace’s papers presented?
linnaean society in july 1858
before darwin, it was thought that species were perfectly made and ---
unchanging
what group of people had been observing and using variations in organisms for a long time?
farmers
how were farmers using variation?
to improve crops and livestock
what process occurs instead of natural selection in nature?
selective breeding
artificial selection involves --- desired traits in stock or crops and
--- them to pass on the trait
choosing, breeding
natural variation
differences among individuals of a species
artificial selection
selective breeding to enhance desired traits among stock or crops
struggle for existence
compete for food, mates, shelter, water, etc
survival of the fittest
strongest survive and reproduce
descent with modification
new species arise from common ancestor replacing less fit species
fitness
ability of an individual to survive and reproduce
adaptation
inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chance for survival
what are the two types of adaptations?
physical and behavorial
give examples of physical adaptations
speed, camouflage, claws, quills, etc
give examples of behavioral adaptations
solitary, herds, packs, activity, etc
what happens to organisms with low fitness?
they die or produce few offspring
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