Bio H - evolution packet notes for test

what were Aristotle’s early ideas about life on Earth?

species were fixed creations arranged by their complexity

how long did Aristotle’s ideas last?

2000 years

what was Linnaeus first to do?

first to group similar organisms and assign latin names

what language is used for scientific naming?

latin

what are the two words called in a scientific name?

*Genus species*

what is the scientific naming system known as?

binomial nomenclature

Charles Lyell

uniformitarianism

George Cuvier

species extinction (catastrophism)

Thomas Malthus

struggle for existence (resources)

James Hutton

gradualism

Lamarck

inheritance of acquired characteristics, law of use and disuse

Wallace

organisms evolved from common ancestors

which book was published first - the origin of species by darwin or mendel’s papers?

origin of species by darwin

what was the name of George Cuvier’s theory on evolution?

catastrophism

what did Cuvier study in Paris and what did he find?

studies fossils in sedimentary rock strata

found some species completely disappeared

what did Cuvier decide was responsible for the disappearance of some species?

catastrophic event of Earth’s crust

who was James Hutton?

a Scottish geologist

what did Hutton study?

fossils of invertebrate in the Paris Museum

what were Hutton’s ideas known as?

gradualism

briefly state Hutton’s idea of geological change

took millions of years, slow continuous process

what theory did Lyell propose?

uniformitarianism

what is uniformitarianism?

geological processes at uniform rates building and wearing down Earth’s crust. proposed earth was millions of years old instead of thousands

how old did Lyell propose the Earth was?

millions of years old

how old did most people believe the Earth was before Lyell?

2000 years old

how did reading Lyell’s book help Darwin on his voyage on the Beagle

explained the geological processes that shaped the Earth. helped Darwin understand the sea shells in the Andes mountains at 12,000+ feet above sea level. explained Earth’s age

Lamarck was one of the first scientists to understand that change occurs…

over time

Lamarck believed that changes were adaptations to the ---- that organisms ---- in their lifetime and he thought could be passed on to ---

environment, acquired, offspring

what is the law of use and disuse?

body part used → makes it stronger

body part not used → makes it deteriorate

who proposed the law of use and disuse?

Lamarck

what was Lamarck’s theory of evolution called?

inheritance of acquired characteristics

according to the theory of inheritance of acquired characteristics, new --- could arise over time

species

if a blacksmith build up his muscles then he would have what type of sons?

muscular

if a giraffe stretched its neck reaching for leaves, what type of necks would the offspring have?

long necks

what did Lamarck not know that made his theory incorrect?

genetics, how traits are actually inherited and passed through genes

are genes changed by life activities?

no

what year and what age did Darwin become the naturalist for the ship the HMS Beagle

joined 1831 at age 22

when was Darwin born?

Feb 12, 1809

how long was the Beagle voyage around the world?

5 years

what coast did Darwin sail around?

south america

where are the galapagos islands?

1000km west off south america

how were the galapagos islands formed?

volcanic activity

what did Darwin discover about the animals on each type of island?

they were very unique

how did the island species of finches and tortoises compare with those on the islands?

they were varied

how did the necks of tortoises compare with each other?

they had either long or short necks

what type of finch did the island finches resemble?

mainland finches

was the available food and habitat the same on all the islands?

no, different islands have different resources

what was different about the finches and why?

they had different types of beaks because of what environment they lived in

list 3 observations darwin made on his travels that led him to propose his revolutionary idea about the way life changes over time

patterns of diversity, unique adaptations, and species not evenly distributed

give an example of the uneven distribution of species noted by darwin

sugar glider and flying squirrel

kangaroos and rabbits

llamas

what did darwin collect?

living organisms and fossils of organisms

give 2 examples of fossils collected by darwin in which the species were no longer in existence

trilobites and giant sloths

evolution

slow, gradual change in a population of organisms overtime

left unchecked, what did darwin predict would happen to the number of individuals in a population?

the number of organisms in each species would increase exponentially generation to generation

in nature, what tends to happen to the size of populations over time

remain stable in size

competition among members of a population occur due to a limited number of what?

environmental resources

how many offspring produced survive to the next generation?

only a fraction

what is the struggle for environmental resources commonly called?

survival of the fittest

how do individuals in a population compare with each other?

no two individuals are exactly alike

variation in a population is?

inheritable

which organisms in a population are most likely to live offspring to pass on their traits?

the ones most fit for the environment

what process was proposed by darwin?

natural selection

who proposed natural selection?

charles darwin

what is darwin’s theory of natural selection?

the unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce leads to a gradual change in population with favorable characteristics accumulating over generations

what evolve according to natural selection?

new species

who was Malthus?

economist in 1798 that influenced darwin’s thinking

malthus observed what about the birth rate of babies?

babies are being born faster than people are dying

malthus knew population size was limited by what?

resources

according to malthus, a high birth rate and limited resources caused what to happen?

life and death competition

what are some things that organisms struggle for in the environment?

food, living space and mates

what did malthus say would happen if the population size continued to grow unchecked?

there would be insufficient living space and food for everyone

the --- rate should increase to balance the --- of a population and the limited --- in the environment

death, size, food

did darwin see malthus’ ideas occuring in nature?

yes

most organisms produce --- offspring than survive causing many to ---

more, die

darwin proposed that organisms descended from what?

a common ancestor

over time, according to darwin, organisms --- their form causing evolution of new ---

change, species

what is the driving force for evolution?

natural selection

during the struggle for survivial, which organisms survive to pass on their traits?

the strongest

about how long after he returned to england did darwin publish his book about evolution?

25 years

why did darwin wait so long to publish his ideas?

afraid of being an attacked or called an outcast, his ideas were extremely controversial

what ideas did darwin’s theory of evolution challenge?

religious and scientific ideas

what made darwin publish his book?

he received an essay from alfred wallace

who independently developed the same theory as darwin?

alfred wallace

both darwin and wallace believed that --- changed over time due to a

\--- for existence

species, struggle

when and where were darwin and wallace’s papers presented?

linnaean society in july 1858

before darwin, it was thought that species were perfectly made and ---

unchanging

what group of people had been observing and using variations in organisms for a long time?

farmers

how were farmers using variation?

to improve crops and livestock

what process occurs instead of natural selection in nature?

selective breeding

artificial selection involves --- desired traits in stock or crops and

\--- them to pass on the trait

choosing, breeding

natural variation

differences among individuals of a species

artificial selection

selective breeding to enhance desired traits among stock or crops

struggle for existence

compete for food, mates, shelter, water, etc

survival of the fittest

strongest survive and reproduce

descent with modification

new species arise from common ancestor replacing less fit species

fitness

ability of an individual to survive and reproduce

adaptation

inherited characteristics that increase an organisms chance for survival

what are the two types of adaptations?

physical and behavorial

give examples of physical adaptations

speed, camouflage, claws, quills, etc

give examples of behavioral adaptations

solitary, herds, packs, activity, etc

what happens to organisms with low fitness?

they die or produce few offspring