EOT REVISION- INTRO1

Intro to Psy (w6-12)

EEQ

Brain electrical activity

EMG

muscle activity

EOG

eye movement

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE

is manipulated in experiment

DEPENDENT VARIABLE

is measured in experiment

CONTROLLED VARIABLE

kept constant during experiment to ensure there’s no other factors

CONFOUNDING VARIABLE

hidden variable that changes the outcome, makes it hard to tell what really caused the effect

MODERATOR VARIABLE

influence the strength, direction of the relationship between variables

MEDIATOR VARIABLE

Explain the relationship between IV&DV

STAGE 1 SLEEP (3-7CPS)

Slow eye movement
Muscle relax, BP down

STAGE 2 SLEEP (12-14 CPS)

Sleep spindles: low amplitude wave
K-complex: high amplitude wave

STAGE 3&4 SLEEP (0.5-2 CPS)

-Large slow delta waves, high amplitude

Down breathing, HR, temp, muscles

REM STAGE

Rapid eye movement, EEQ~awake
up BP, respiration
Motor paralysis

SOMNAMBULISM

Sleep walking

INSOMNIA

Can’t sleep

NARCOLEPSY

sleep during daytime

SLEEP APNEA

stop breathing while sleeping

NIGHTMARE

REM towards morning

NIGHT TERRORS

NREM 2-3hrs into sleep
Arousal, panic

CONSERVATION HYPOTHESIS

(SLEEP FUNCTION)

NREM conserve organisms’ energy

RESTORATIVE HYPOTHESIS

(SLEEP FUNCTION)

NREM repairs dmg

DEPRESSANTS’ EFFECTS

Slow down mental, physical activity
Facilitate GABA transmission
Sedative effects from Rohypnol, GHB: amnesia

DEPRESSANTS’ COMPONENTS

Barbiturates, GHB, Alcohol

ALCOHOL

Stimulate release of dopamine
up GABA
large doses overtax the CNS

STIMULATES’ EFFECTS

Maintain arousal level
up mood alteration, confidence
paranoid delusions
changes in neurotrans system (norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin)

STIMULATES’ COMPONENTS

Amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, caffeine

AMPHETAMINE

Hyper-arousal, euphoria
up motor activity

COCAINE

up NE, dopamine, hyper-arousal
euphoric highs & depressive lows
diminished judgement
paranoia, anxiety, panic

NICOTINE

up HR, BP
mimics natural chemical’s action in brainCA

CAFFEIN

down anxiety symptoms
affect heart, blood, circulatory functions

HALLUCIGNOGENS EFFECT

consciousness changes
alter perception of environment, awareness

hallucinations
binds to serotonin receptors

HALLUCINOGENS COMPONENTS

LSD, PCP, Ecstasy

ECSTASY

Hallucinogenic distortions of time, perception
disrupts concentration, serotonin’s action
repression of libido, appetite
mental stimulation, up body temp

OPIATES EFFECT

suppress physical sensation, response to stimulation
dependence, depression, cognitive impairment

OPIATES COMPONENTS

Morphine, heroin

SENSORY MEMORY

25+ stimuli in 1/4-2s by senses

SHORT-TERM MEMORY

7 items in 20-30s by visual, auditory, semantic

LONG-TERM MEMORY

limitless over lifetime by facts, images, actions, skills

PROCEDURAL MEMORY

motor skills

DEDARATIVE MEMORY

facts, events

GENERIC MEMORY (DEDARATIVE)

General knowledge

EPSODIC MEMORY (DEDARATIVE)

specific events

PRIMACY EFFECT

remember beginning words better

RECENCY EFFECT

remember ending words better

IMPLICIT MEMORY

expressed in behaviors, no need to focus

EXPLICIT MEMORY

expressed through conscious recollection

RECALL (EXPLICIT MEMORY)

through LTM’s recollection

RECOGNITION (EXPLICIT MEMORY)

something previously learned

PHONEMIC ENCODING (SHALLOW)

encode sounds

STRUCTURAL ENCODING (SHALLOW)

encode physical qualities

SEMANTIC ENCODING (DEEP)

encode meaning

ELABORATION REHEASAL (DEEP)

better analysis of info through photos, thinking

VISUOSPATIAL SKETCHPAD

visual storage of info about object’s location, nature

PHONOLOGICAL LOOP

verbal storage of STM

EPISODIC BUFFER

temporary combination of visual + verbal storage

TRANSIENCE (FORGET)

memory fades with time

ABSENT-MINDEDNESS (FORGET)

only remember when focused

SUGGESTIBILITY (FORGET)

thought we remember

MIS-ATTRIBUTION (FORGET)

remember something but mix up the details

BIAS (FORGET)

distortions in recall due to current emotion

PERSISTENCE (FORGET)

can’t forget something even if you want to

DECAY (FORGET)

memory fades with dis-use

RETROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

new memories make it hard to remember old ones

PROACTIVE INTERFERENCE

old memories make it hard to remember new ones

MOTIVATED FORGETTING

forget to avoid painful memories

PUPILLARY RESPONSE

pupil’s size changes

PHOTORECEPTORS

transform light energy → neural signals

CONE

center of retina
need strong light
less sensitive
respond to wavelength

ROD

more sensitive
don’t respond to wavelength

FOVEA

center of retina
most cones
clearest area

PIGMENTED EPITHELUM

absorb stray photons that didn’t go through photoreceptors

REFLECTING TAPETUM

bounces stray photons back through photoreceptors

BIPOLAR CELL

each cell integrates info from multiple photoreceptors

TOP-DOWN FACTOR

perception based on knowledge, expectation

BOTTOM-UP FACTOR

perception based on sensory inputs

LAW OF SIMILARITY

similar things are grouped together

LAW OF PROXIMITY

things near each other are grouped together

LAW OF GOOD CONTINUATION

brain likes to see things as continuous lines

LAW OF CLOSURE

brain fills gaps with wholes

LAW OF FAMILIARITY

nhìn lên đám mây và liên tưởng đến con chó

LAW OF COMMON FATE

things moving in the same direction are grouped together

CONVERGENCE

(BINOCULAR DEPTH)

khoảng cách 2 tròng mắt

RETINAL DISPARITY

(BINOCULAR DEPTH)

mỗi bên mắt có một góc nhìn khác nhau

FAMILIAR SIZE

(MONOCULAR DEPTH)

use what we already know about the size of an object to guess how far it is

RELATIVE SIZE

(MONOCULAR DEPTH)

càng xa càng nhỏ

TEXTURE GRADIENT

(MONOCULAR DEPTH)

distant objects appear finer, smoother

SHADING

(MONOCULAR DEPTH)

3D objects cast shadow

LINEAR PERSPECTIVE
(MONOCULAR DEPTH)

parallel lines appear to come together in the distance

INTERPOSITION

(MONOCULAR DEPTH)

1 object blocks another

ARIAL PERSPECTIVE

(MONOCULAR DEPTH)

far objects appear blurry, light, blue-tinted

COLOR CONSTANCY

objects color is stable

SIZE CONSTANCY

objects’ size doesn’t differ

SHAPE CONSTANCY

objects have the same shape

STROOP EFFECT

brain slows down because 2 pieces of info conflict

PHANTOM LIMBS SENSATION

không còn bộ phận đó nữa nhưng vẫn cảm nhận được

PROSOPAGNOSIA

unable to recognize familiar faces

HABITUATION

quen dần nếu phản xạ xảy ra nhiều lần

UNCONDITIONED RESPONSE

reaction tự nhiên

UNCONDITIOINED STIMULUS

điều kiện tự nhiên

CONDITIONED RESPONSE

learnt reaction