CH1: Introduction

Abnormal Behavior

A psychological dysfunction within an individual associated with distress or impairment in functioning and response that is not typical or culturally expected.

Distress/Impairment

The individual is upset, and their behavior is maladaptive.

Atypical Response

Behavior that deviates from the average and does not fit the norm.

Psychological Dysfunction

A breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning.

Harmful Dysfunction

Behavior that is out of the individual's control, as defined by Jerome Wakefield.

Cultural Relativism

The idea that behavior can only be considered abnormal relative to cultural norms, with no universal standards for abnormal behavior

4Ds

1. Dysfunction

2. Distress

3. Deviance

4. Dangerousness

Butcher’s Indicator of abnormality

1. Subjective distress

2. Maladaptiveness

3. Statistical Deviancy

4. Violation of societal standards

5. Social discomfort

6. Uncontrollability, Irrationality, Unpredictability

7. Dangerousness

Scientist Practitioner

Mental health professionals who apply a scientific approach in their clinical work.

Duties of Scientist Practitioners

Keeping up with scientific developments, evaluating their own assessments, and conducting research to produce new information about disorders.

Supernatural Tradition

Historical view that sees disorders as evil punishments, often treated with exorcism and confinement.

Biological Tradition

The belief that disorders are caused by brain pathology or genetics, as proposed by figures like Hippocrates and Galen.

Humoral Theory

Galen's theory that normal brain functioning is related to four bodily fluids (humors).

General Paresis

A condition where hallucinations and delusions are caused by an STD, treated with Malaria.

Moral Therapy

A psychological tradition emphasizing the role of personality and social/cultural differences.

Humanitarian Reform

Efforts to improve conditions in mental health hospitals, led by figures like Philippe Pinel and Dorothea Dix.

Clinical Description

The first step in determining a disorder, focusing on the presenting problem and distinguishing it from other disorders.

Presents

A shorthand way of indicating why a person came to the clinic.

Course

The pattern that a disorder follows over time.

Jerome Wakefield

Harmful dysfunction was found by whom

Lunacy

attributing disorders to the movement of moon and stars

General Paresis

used Malaria as treatment

John Grey

Believed that the cause of insanity is always physical

Manfred Sakel

Proposed Insulin Shock Therapy

Benjamin Franklin

Used Electric Shock to cure depression

John von Meduna

Used induced brain seizures for schizophrenia

Philippe Pinel

Removal of chain from mental health hospitals

Benjamin Rush

Founder of American Psychology

Benjamin Rush

Proponent of Moral Management

Dorothea Dix

Proponent of Mental Hygiene Movement

William Tuke

York Retreat

William Tuke

believed that treatment should have gentleness, understanding, and goodwill