maternity exam I

What are the three stages of intrauterine development

Ovum: conception to day 14

embryo: day 15 to week 8

fetus: week 9 to birth

what is the placenta’s endocrine function

produces pregnancy hormones, hCG, hCS, estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin

metabolic functions of the placenta

respiration, nutrition and nutritions storage, and excretion

difference between fetal and maternal sides of the placenta

fetal: schultz or shiny schultz

maternal side: duncan or dirty duncan

what are the major topics to know about amniotic fluid

function and role

protect baby

hegars sign

softening of the lower uterine segment

what is the goodell sign

softening of the cervix

what is the chadwick sign

bluish discoloration of the cervix and vaginal tissues

what is leukorrhea

increased vaginal dischage during pregnancy

what is quickening

the pregnant womans first perception of fetal movement

ballottement

a fetal movement felt when the fetus is displaced

montgomery tubercles

small raised bumps on the areola that become more noticeable during pregnancy

CV changes during pregnancy

blood volume increases 40-50%, pulse increses 15-20 beats, cardiac out put increases 30-50% by 32 weeks

what happens to blood pressure during the second timester

it may decreases by 5-10 mmHg due to vasodilation

why hematocrit may decrease

plasma volume increases more than red blood cell volume causing hemodilution

what respiratory changes occur during pregnancy

oxygen requirements and respiratory rate increse slightly; SOB, nasal stuffiness and nosebleeds may occur

what renal changes occur during pregnancy

glomerular filtration rate and renal plasma flow increase

what causes preganancy waddle

a forward shift in the center of gravity, increased lordosis, and changes in connective tissue elasticity

what causes carpa tunnel syndrome during pregnancy

edema that compresses nerve in the wrist

what causes morning sickness

increased hCG

what causes constipation during pregnancy

decreased GI motility

what causes indigestion

increased progesterone

gravidity

number of pregnancies

parity

number of pregnancies that reach viability

nulligravida

never been pregnant

primigravida

pregnant for the first time

multigravida

two or more pregnancies

nullipara

woman who has not completed a pregnancy to viability

primipara

one pregnancy to viability

multipara

two or more viable pregnancies

GTPAL

gravidity, term, pre term, abortions, living children

term vs preterm

t: 37 - 42

p: 20 or earlier

Naegele’s rule

method of estimating the due date from last menstural period

warning signs during pregnancy

severe vomiting, fever or chills, severe abd pain, vaginal bleeding, painful urination or flank pain, sudden fluid discharge, facial swelling, severe headache, visual changes, decreased fetal movement, and contractions before 37 weeks

recommended folic acid intake

400 mcg per day

folic acid deficiency

increases risk of fetal neural tube defects, including spina bifida

placenta previa

implatation in the lower uterus

placenta previa signs

painless bright red bleeding in secod on third trimester with soft non tender abd

AVOID VAGINAL EXAM

placenta abruption

premature seperation of the placenta

good sources of omega 3s

shrimp, pollock, salmon, and canned light tuna

avoid shark and swordfish

food safety percautions

avoid raw fish, deli meat, and avoid raw cheese

functions of vitamins A

vision

vitamin D

calcium and phosphate metabolism

vitamin E

antioxidant

vitamin K

blood clotting

zinc

growth and wound healing

magnesium

neuromascular function

maternal underweight risks

higher risk of preterm labor and low birth weight infants

what are risks associated with maternal obesity

preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, macrosmia, cesarean birth, infections, miscarriage, congenital anomalies, and still birth