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Cytology
study of cells, its structure and function
Matthias Schleiden
stated that all plants are composed of cells
Theodore Schwann
stated that all animals are composed of cells
Rudolf Virchow
stated that all living things come prom pre-existing living cells by the process of cell division
Cell membrane
serves as a boundary between the environment and the internal part of the cell
Protoplasm
colloidal substance of a cell
Cytoplasm
a thick, transparent, and colorless liquid in the cell in which various organelles are suspended
protoplasm outside the nucleus
Karyoplasm or Nucleoplasm
protoplasm inside the nucleus
Mitochondria
where cellular respiration takes place
Lysosomes
act as a digestive system of the cell
Centrosomes
mass of dense protoplasm with a structure called centriole
Centrioles
act as a pole for cell division
Golgi bodies
prepare proteins for secretion after they are released from the endoplasmic reticulum
Endoplasmic Reticulum
serves as the pathway for the transport of materials between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell
Ribosomes
protein factories of the cell
Vacuole
food and water storage of the cell
Microtubules
give the cell its shape/cytoskeleton
Cell wall
protects and supports plant cells (plants only)
not present in animal cells
Chloroplasts
contains the green coloring bodies called chlorophyll (plants only)
Plasma Membrane
semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates
Nucleus
serves as the control center of the cell
Prokaryotic cells
cells without definite nucleus
Eukaryotic Cells
cells with definite nucleus
Homeostasis
a relatively stable state of equilibrium between the different but interdependent elements of an organism
Diffusion, Passive Transport, Osmosis, Active Transport
4 Substance Transport through the Cell
Diffusion
the flow of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached
Passive Transport
movement of molecules through a membrane without energy exerted
passive
Is osmosis passive or active?
Osmosis
movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration
Active Transport
movement of molecules where energy is exerted by the cell
Transport molecules
aid in the transport of molecules across the membrane
Endocytosis
the process of assimilating large substances into a cell
Phagocytosis
the process in which a cell engulfs large solid objects such as bacteria and other food particles
Pinocytosis
"cell drinking"
the movements of solutes or fluids into the cell
Exocytosis
the process by which wastes are packaged in vesicles and are released through a cell membrane
Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic
3 External and Internal Conditions of Cell
Isotonic
a condition in the cell in which the concentration of solute molecules inside and outside are equal or the same
Hypotonic
a condition characterized by a lower osmotic pressure inside the cell compared to that of the surrounding medium or fluid outside the cell
Hypertonic
a condition characterized by the presence of higher osmotic pressure inside the cell compared to that of the surrounding medium or fluid outside the cell
Cytolysis
the bursting of a cell due to excessive intake of water
Plasmolysis
the shrinking of a cell
Guttation
the process by which water is forced out of the leaves of plants
Metabolism
is the sum total of all chemical processes taking place within a living system
Catabolism, Anabolism
2 Types of Metabolism
Catabolism
is the process by which complex molecules are changed into simpler molecules and energy is released
Anabolism
the synthesis of complex molecules from their simple building units
Adenosine Triposphate
ATP
ATP
a compound that stores the energy released needed by body cells to perform their activities
Photosynthesis
is a process by which certain living plant cells combine carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of chlorophyll and light energy, to form carbohydrates and release oxygen as the waste product
occurs at the chloroplasts
Light Reaction
1st stage of photosynthesis
Dark Reaction
2nd stage of photosynthesis
Photolysis
Another term for light reaction
the energy from the sun is captured as chemical energy to split water and produce molecules of ATP and NADPH+H+
Carbon-fixation
Another term for dark reaction
ATP and NADPH2 react with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce glucose
Thylakoids
Where does photolysis occur?
Stroma
Where does carbon-fixation occur?
Cell respiration
is a process by which cells break down food molecules into a usable form of energy, ATP
Anaerobic, Aerobic
2 Types of Cell Respiration
Anaerobic
requires NO oxygen
Glycolysis, Fermentation
2 Types of Anaerobic Respiration
glycolysis
the enzymatic breakdown of a carbohydrate to produce pyruvic acid and energy stored in ATP
Fermentation
the breakdown of pyruvic acid without the use of oxygen
Aerobic
the breakdown of pyruvic acid with the use of oxygen
Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport
3 Major Stages of Aerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
takes place in the cytosol of the cell
breaking down of glucose molecules from carbohydrates into molecules of pyruvate
2-2-2
How many ATP, H2O, and NADPH molecules do Glycolysis produce
Follow this format n-n-n
Krebs Cycle
also known as Citric Acid Cycle
pyruvate molecules are processed to release ATP
Electron Transport
remaining energy from the glucose will be released by the electron transport chain.
H2O
When electrons and protons are added to oxygen, what is produced? [Electron Transport]
Mitochondria
Where does the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport take place?
Protein Synthesis
a process by which proteins are formed inside the cell
Genetic Code
contains information needed by any cell for its metabolic functions
Transcription
the process by which RNA is made from DNA
Translation
the process of converting the DNA code in RNA molecules into the amino acid sequence that makes up a protein