[USTET] Biology - Cell Structure and Function

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73 Terms

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Cytology

study of cells, its structure and function

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Matthias Schleiden

stated that all plants are composed of cells

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Theodore Schwann

stated that all animals are composed of cells

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Rudolf Virchow

stated that all living things come prom pre-existing living cells by the process of cell division

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Cell membrane

serves as a boundary between the environment and the internal part of the cell

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Protoplasm

colloidal substance of a cell

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Cytoplasm

a thick, transparent, and colorless liquid in the cell in which various organelles are suspended

protoplasm outside the nucleus

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Karyoplasm or Nucleoplasm

protoplasm inside the nucleus

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Mitochondria

where cellular respiration takes place

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Lysosomes

act as a digestive system of the cell

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Centrosomes

mass of dense protoplasm with a structure called centriole

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Centrioles

act as a pole for cell division

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Golgi bodies

prepare proteins for secretion after they are released from the endoplasmic reticulum

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

serves as the pathway for the transport of materials between the cytoplasm and the nucleus of the cell

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Ribosomes

protein factories of the cell

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Vacuole

food and water storage of the cell

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Microtubules

give the cell its shape/cytoskeleton

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Cell wall

protects and supports plant cells (plants only)

not present in animal cells

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Chloroplasts

contains the green coloring bodies called chlorophyll (plants only)

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Plasma Membrane

semi-permeable membrane composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates

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Nucleus

serves as the control center of the cell

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Prokaryotic cells

cells without definite nucleus

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Eukaryotic Cells

cells with definite nucleus

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Homeostasis

a relatively stable state of equilibrium between the different but interdependent elements of an organism

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Diffusion, Passive Transport, Osmosis, Active Transport

4 Substance Transport through the Cell

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Diffusion

the flow of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

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Passive Transport

movement of molecules through a membrane without energy exerted

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passive

Is osmosis passive or active?

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Osmosis

movement of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane from an area of lesser solute concentration to an area of greater solute concentration

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Active Transport

movement of molecules where energy is exerted by the cell

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Transport molecules

aid in the transport of molecules across the membrane

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Endocytosis

the process of assimilating large substances into a cell

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Phagocytosis

the process in which a cell engulfs large solid objects such as bacteria and other food particles

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Pinocytosis

"cell drinking"

the movements of solutes or fluids into the cell

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Exocytosis

the process by which wastes are packaged in vesicles and are released through a cell membrane

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Isotonic, Hypotonic, and Hypertonic

3 External and Internal Conditions of Cell

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Isotonic

a condition in the cell in which the concentration of solute molecules inside and outside are equal or the same

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Hypotonic

a condition characterized by a lower osmotic pressure inside the cell compared to that of the surrounding medium or fluid outside the cell

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Hypertonic

a condition characterized by the presence of higher osmotic pressure inside the cell compared to that of the surrounding medium or fluid outside the cell

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Cytolysis

the bursting of a cell due to excessive intake of water

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Plasmolysis

the shrinking of a cell

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Guttation

the process by which water is forced out of the leaves of plants

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Metabolism

is the sum total of all chemical processes taking place within a living system

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Catabolism, Anabolism

2 Types of Metabolism

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Catabolism

is the process by which complex molecules are changed into simpler molecules and energy is released

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Anabolism

the synthesis of complex molecules from their simple building units

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Adenosine Triposphate

ATP

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ATP

a compound that stores the energy released needed by body cells to perform their activities

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Photosynthesis

is a process by which certain living plant cells combine carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of chlorophyll and light energy, to form carbohydrates and release oxygen as the waste product

occurs at the chloroplasts

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Light Reaction

1st stage of photosynthesis

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Dark Reaction

2nd stage of photosynthesis

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Photolysis

Another term for light reaction

the energy from the sun is captured as chemical energy to split water and produce molecules of ATP and NADPH+H+

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Carbon-fixation

Another term for dark reaction

ATP and NADPH2 react with carbon dioxide from the atmosphere to produce glucose

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Thylakoids

Where does photolysis occur?

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Stroma

Where does carbon-fixation occur?

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Cell respiration

is a process by which cells break down food molecules into a usable form of energy, ATP

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Anaerobic, Aerobic

2 Types of Cell Respiration

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Anaerobic

requires NO oxygen

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Glycolysis, Fermentation

2 Types of Anaerobic Respiration

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glycolysis

the enzymatic breakdown of a carbohydrate to produce pyruvic acid and energy stored in ATP

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Fermentation

the breakdown of pyruvic acid without the use of oxygen

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Aerobic

the breakdown of pyruvic acid with the use of oxygen

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Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport

3 Major Stages of Aerobic Respiration

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Glycolysis

takes place in the cytosol of the cell

breaking down of glucose molecules from carbohydrates into molecules of pyruvate

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2-2-2

How many ATP, H2O, and NADPH molecules do Glycolysis produce

Follow this format n-n-n

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Krebs Cycle

also known as Citric Acid Cycle

pyruvate molecules are processed to release ATP

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Electron Transport

remaining energy from the glucose will be released by the electron transport chain.

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H2O

When electrons and protons are added to oxygen, what is produced? [Electron Transport]

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Mitochondria

Where does the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport take place?

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Protein Synthesis

a process by which proteins are formed inside the cell

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Genetic Code

contains information needed by any cell for its metabolic functions

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Transcription

the process by which RNA is made from DNA

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Translation

the process of converting the DNA code in RNA molecules into the amino acid sequence that makes up a protein