Last minute grind

Why does cooperation work

Mutual Gain, State Interest, Reciprocity

Norms

The expectations held by national leaders about normal international relations

Morality

An element of power

Principle of IR

Non-intervention

Neoliberalism

Institutions matter

International Institutions

Rules

International Regims

Principles, Rules, Norms, and Procedure that govern state behavior in specific issues of IR

International Organizations

Material. Mandates, membership, purpose, funding, operations

NGOS

States are not members

What is the biggest IGO

UN

Concert of Europe

Austria, GB, Russia, France. Tried to maintain the balance of power in Europe. But conflict breaks due to nationalism in italy and germany

The League of Nations

Post- WW1

Woodrow Wilson

US fear of losing sovereignty/Isolationism

Collective Security

Highly legalistic

All or nothing

League of Nations Failure

No universal Membership

Rigid Structure

Too legal

insensitive to power politics

Where does the league fail

Manchuria/Japanese Invasion 1931

Ethiopia/Italians 1935

Czech - Hitler, Nazi Germany — Appeasement at munich 1938 …WW2 1939

Atlantic Charter

European States

London Declaration

Roosevelt and Churchill, discuss peace and security (US not in war)

Bretton Woods 1944

Establishes economic structure of the UN: IMF, IBRD

Tries to create ITO (fails by US senate)

Dumbarton Oaks 1944

Formal Structure of the UN

ICJ

UN SEC: Bueaucracy

UN GEN ASSEMBLY: All states, one state, one vote

UN SEC COUNCIL: Power, permanent 5 members, vetos (debates on this until yalta)

Yalta

Discuss vetos. One veto per perm 5 member

Mexico City

States get concessions

1. Budgetary power

2. No Sec Gen will come from Perm 5

3. UNSC will have all states on the council for 2 years each

San Francisco

UN charter is signed

UN

1. Parties can negotiate

2. Sensitive to power politics

3. Membership is universal

4. Not too legal

5. Humanitarian and Economic functions

6. Still exists

Realists on IGOs

False promise — no real interest in solving collective action only using their own power

Liberals on IGOs

True promise of cooperation — reduce major conflict, positive outcomes

Focus of the UN

1. Peace and Security

2. Economic Development

3. Human Rights

Collective Security + Respect sovereignty = NORM OF NON-INTERVENTION

Major Organs of UN

• Security Council

• General Assembly

• Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)

• International Court of Justice

• Secretariat

Security Council

Now 15 members

5 Permanent members 10 rotating

General Assembly

All states one state/one vote. Focuses on budget, debate, and more humanitarian issues 2/3 majority

Economic and Social Council

54 members, voted in and out of general assembly

International Court of Justice

Court of UN, only hears cases of State vs. State

Secretariat

Bureaucracy of the UN

Secretaries General Elections

Nominated by Sec Council

Elected by Gen Assembly

Tryvge Lie

Norway. 46-52 … Resigned

Oversaw major situations — was not appreciate by big 5

Dag Hammarskjold

Sweden 53-61 … Died in Plane crash

Activist - peacekeeper

Against norm of non-intervention

U Thant

Burma 61-71 … Retired after 2 terms

During communist scare / vietnam war

Kurt Waldheim

Austria 72 - 81… Vetoed by china for 3rd term

(… maybe Nazi???)

Javier Perez de Cuellar

Peru 82 - 91 … Declined third term nomination

Reagan Administration

Cold war

Fall of Berlin

End of USSR

Middle eastern crises

Boutross Boutross - Ghali

Egypt … 92-96 Fired by US

UN should be militarized and more involved in peacekeeping

Break non-interventionist norms

US SHOULD DO MORE

Kofi Annan

Ghana … 97-07 — UNDPKO (dept of peacekeeping operations) and Oil for Food

Selected by US

Admitted US was in violation of US laws for 2003 invasion

Ban ki-moon

South Korea … 07-16 —- declined 3rd term

Antonio Guetteres

Portugal … 16 - present

ICJ

15 justices, 9 year terms, perm 5

Responsibility to protect

2005 world summit

2006 unsc resolution affirms it

Tribunals

Individuals not states

Victors justice

no standing court

Treaty

Signed, bilateral, multilateral, open, building block of international law

Custom

must be accepted as a custom by the states — often leads to treaties

Pacta sunt servada

Treaties should be obeyed

Opinio juris

Custom should lead to treaty — stronger law

Sources of international Law

Treaty and Custom

Additional: Legal Scholarship and Legal Principles

Jus ad bellum

Just War doctrine — Laws to go to war

Jus in bello

War Crimes — Laws in war

What cant be done in war

POW

Civilians

Proportionality

Crimes against humanity

International Criminal Court

Crimes against humanity

Genocide

War crimes

Crimes of Aggression

122 members

Countries not in the ICC

Iran

Iraq

India

Pakistan

US

Russia

China

Conditions of ICC

1. State is unwilling to prosecute their own case

2. State is unable to prosecute its own case

3. State does not prosecute with any intent to bring justice (sham trial)

Human Rights during Cold War

US — Civil and Political

USSR — Economic, social, and cultural rights

Universal Rights

Jack Donnelly

All Rights for All People

Human Dignity

Basic Rights

Henry Shue

Certain rights as necessary for any rights

Security, subsistence, and political (US)

Cultural Relativism

Cultural exceptionalism: US, Islam

Death penalty

States use culture for their purpose

HUMAN RIGHTS ARE SUBJECT TO STATE INTEREST

International Political Economy

The study of the actions and interactions of Markets and States in the international system

Mercantilism

monarchial

empires

pre-capitalism

19th century

The state has compelling interest to restrict the economy

Liberalism

Adam smith — Wealth of All Nations

Free trade

States let markets do their own thing

Supply and demand

Reduce barriers

Competition, efficiency, and innovation

Neoliberal economics

Institutions of global economics

Mercantilism/Protectionism/Nationalism

Politics drives Economy

Liberalism/ Free-trade/ Neo-liberalism

Economics Drives Politics

Reasons for Protectionism

• Political Demands

• Infant industries

• National Security

• Economic Nationalism

• Response/retaliation to predatory policies

Methods of protectionism

• Tariffs

• Quotas

• Subsidies

• Restricting/regulations

• Dumping

• Economic Nationalism

Globalization

The expansion of free trade everywhere, by opening up all markets and states to the global economy

Sell the products and ideas of the world in every state

Anti-Globalization protests

• Labor — Conditions, limitations, wages, etc

• Human rights/ culture

• Environment — sea turtles, dolphils, deforestation

GATT

Need for Free Trade — Bretton Woods

Rounds for meeting depending on what the subject was

Was not able to accommodate the proportion of need

• Agriculture

• Intellectual property rights

• Service sectors policies

The WTO

Generalized system of preferences

Helps poor states seek and maintain membership

Helps create a global free trade regime

MFN

Most-Favored Nation

Reciprocal free trade enforcement

Regional Agreements — Free Trade Agreements

Europe — EU, EFTA

NAFTA

FTAA

ASEAN

IMF

1. Manage exchange — Gold Standard tied to the US Dollar

2. Balance of payments — Debts between countries, paid now by the IMF

3. Lender of last resort

States pay into the FUND

Bretton Woods

IMF problems

1. Gold decreases as economies grow

2. US economy taxed by the Cold War, Vietnam, Inflation, Trade imbalances

3. Energy crisis — Oil shocks

IMF as the Lender of Last Resort

Lends to states for Development, Poverty

Issues with IMF as Lender

Fund Conditionality

One size-fits-all

Moral Hazard

Asian Monetary Crisis

World Bank

IBRD

1. Reconstruction (post-war)

2. Development

INVESTS like a bank

Mission Creep

World Bank quietly changes their policies to poverty reduction

WB is involved in EVERYTHING now

Failures of IMF/World Bank

Fund Conditionality: Debt

Lending: Debt — flawed policies

IMF turns to debt forgiveness