International Politics quiz 4 (TCU CARTER)

Global Commons

: Shared resources beyond national jurisdiction (atmosphere, oceans, space, polar regions).

Common-Pool Resource

: Rival but difficult to exclude users (fish stocks, forests, groundwater).

Public Good

: Non-rival and non-excludable (clean air, climate stability).

Tragedy of the Commons

: Overuse occurs because individuals benefit from exploitation while costs are shared.

Collective-Action Problem

: When group goals fail because actors prefer to free-ride on others' contributions.

Free-Riding

: Benefiting from others' restraint without contributing yourself.

Externalities

: Costs or benefits imposed on others not reflected in the decision-maker's choices.

Global Governance

: Institutions, rules, and norms that coordinate state behavior without a world government.

Regimes

: Sets of rules, norms, and decision-making procedures in an issue area (e.g., climate regime).

Cap-and-Trade

: Market mechanism allowing trading of pollution permits under an emissions cap.

Monitoring & Enforcement

: Mechanisms to detect violations and raise the cost of defection.

Common but Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR)

: Principle that all states share responsibility but not equally; developed states bear more.

High Seas Governance

: Rules for resources beyond state jurisdiction under UNCLOS.

Biodiversity Regime

: Efforts to protect species & ecosystems through treaties and norms.

Transnational Advocacy Network (TAN)

: Network of activists, NGOs, and allies promoting norms across borders.

Boomerang Pattern

: Domestic NGOs bypass their state → appeal to international allies → pressure comes back to state.

Norm Entrepreneurs

: Actors who introduce, frame, and promote new global norms.

Norm Life Cycle

: Norm emergence → norm cascade → norm internalization.

Naming and Shaming

: Publicly exposing violators to mobilize pressure and shame governments.

Leverage Politics

: Mobilizing powerful states or organizations to pressure target actors.

Accountability Politics

: Holding actors to their previously stated commitments.

Information Politics

: Generating, verifying, and distributing politically useful information.

Symbolic Politics

: Using symbols, stories, or frames to make issues emotionally compelling.

Issue Framing

: Presenting an issue in a particular way to mobilize support and resonate with audiences.

Epistemic Communities

: Networks of experts shaping policy through knowledge and authority.

Boomerang Model

example: anti - apartheid movement, democracy issue network carter is in a academic one centered in Germany.