henry viii foreign policy

what sort of foreign policy did henry advocate at the beginning of his reign

aggressive

when was the renewal of the treaty of etaples

1510

what did the renewal of the treaty of etaples ensure

• peace between the two nations

• france would continue to pay an annual pension

how did henry signal his more aggressive intentions

he commissioned a translation of the life of henry v

who did henry send to rome to persuade the pope enter an alliance against the french

christopher bainbridge - archbishop of york

who did the holy league join and into what

spain, hre, venice and the papacy into an anti-french alliance

how many men did henry send to southwest france in 1512

10,000

who was in command of the army which went to france in 1512

the marquis of dorset

what did the 1512 invasion of france achieve

nothing

how did ferdinand use the english invasion of france in 1512

used it as a diversionary tactic whilst he conquered navarre

where did henry lead a force to in 1513

northwest france

what did henry achieve in france in 1513

• he won the battle of spurs

• he captured therouanne and tournai

which battle happened at the scottish border in 1513

the battle of flodden

when was the battle of flodden

september 1513

what happened at the battle of flodden

• scottish force defeated by smaller english army

• james iv was killed along with much of the scottish nobility

who led the english army at the battle of flodden

earl of surrey

how did the battle of flodden reduce the scottish threat

the scottish throne was left in the hands of infant james v

why was a further campaign abandoned in 1514

ferdinand and maximillian made a peace with france

weaknesses of henrys 1513 military adventures

• forced to liquidate his fathers assests

• french pension was lost

• tournai eventually sold back to the french

what did the peace treaty of 1514 do

• recovered the etaples pension

• secured a marriage alliance between mary and louis xii

why did there tend to be few issues in anglo-scottish relations when england and france were on good terms

the auld alliance between scotland and france remained strong

why was henry unable to continue a warlike foreign policy by the end of 1514

he had run out of money

when was the marriage between louis xii and mary

9th october 1514

when did louis xii die

1st january 1515

who inherited the french throne after the death of louis xii

francis i 

what did henry see francis i as

a personal and political rival

when did ferdinand die

1516

who inherited the spanish throne after the death of ferdinand

charles v

when was the treaty of noyon

1516

what was the treaty of noyon

peace between france and spain

when was the treaty of cambrai

1517

what did the treaty of cambrai do

establish peace between hre and france - left england diplomatically isolated

what did the isolation of england in 1517 allow francis i to do 

undermine anglo-scottish relations as the duke of albany was a member of the french nobility

how did the duke of albany consolidate his power

he became regent to the scottish throne

why was threat from albany minimised

there were divisions amongst the scottish nobility

when was the treaty of london

1518

why did pope leo x prompt the treaty of london

he desired a christian union front against the ottoman turks

who negotiated the treaty of london

wolsey

what did the treaty of london become

‘a treaty of perpetual peace’

a non aggression pact between england, france, spain, the hre and numerous smaller states

after the treaty of london, what did the pope appoint wolsey as

papal legate

how did friendship between england and france continue into 1519

• england returned tournai and france payed compensation

• france agreed to keep albany out of scotland

when was charles v appointed hre

1519

what were good relations between england and france reinforced by in 1520

the field of cloth and gold

when was the field of cloth and gold

june 1520

how long did the field of cloth and gold last

2 weeks

where did the field of cloth and gold take place

calais

how much did the field of cloth and gold cost henry viii

£15,000

when was the treaty of bruges

august 1521

why did wolsey negotiate the treaty of bruges with charles v

• he could improve relations with the pope

• he believed he might gain more territory

when did english armies invade northern france

1522 and 1523

when did henry show a lack of strategic awareness in 1525

when he attempted to benefit from the emporers defeat at the battle of pavia and suggested a joint invasion of northern france

what did the fracturing of the anti-imperial alliance do

led to a move towards a pro-french foreign policy

why did the pope put together the league of cognac

to counterbalance the excessive power of the emporer in northern italy

what did the kings great matter lead to

• wolseys fall

• made henry an object of suspicion to catholic europe

what did the sack of rome leave pope clement ii as

a virtual prisoner of the emporer

when was the treaty of amiens

1527

what was the treaty of amiens

an anti-imperial alliance with the french

when was the peace of cambrai

1529

what was the peace of cambrai

• between france and hre

• required the french to give up their ambitions in italy

what can charles v’s strength be seen through

• his victory over the french at the battle of landriano 1529

• his dominance over the pope in the peace of cambrai 1529

who did henry make a fragile alliance with in 1532

france

why did france have limited usefulness in 1532

francis sought to establish a marriage alliance between his son and the pope’s niece, catherine medici

when was the break with rome

1533

why were there no short term repercussions for the break with rome

charles was primarily concerned with the threat posed by the ottoman turks in christian europe

how did henry try to reinforce his position in 1535

he made an alliance with the league of schmalkalden

why was the pressure on henrys position reduced in 1536

• death of catherine of aragon + execution of anne boleyn

• renewal of fighting between the emporer and francis i reduced danger of englands position

why was henrys position weakened again in 1538

• charles and francis buried their differences in the treaty of nice

• pope paul ii published papal bull deposing henry and absolving catholics from their need to obey him

• pope sent envoys to france and scotland to rouse support for a catholic crusade against henry

why did henry marry anne of cleeves

the marriage and another attempt to join the league of schmalkalden would be a useful insurance policy

why did the marriage to anne of cleeves break down

• it was politically redundant once the friendship between charles and francis broke down

• it was personally unsuitable

why did the relationship between the king and the earl of kildare break down

after the revival of the geraldine-butler feud

when was the earl of kildare dismissed

1534

what did kildare’s dismissal lead to

a major rebellion by his son thomas fitzgerald which was suppressed with difficulty

why did the attempt to refashion irish government in 1534 fail

it required royal government through an english born deputy supported by a substantial military presence

which two gaelic lords invaded the pale in 1539

con o’neill

manus o’donnell

how did the government attempt to pacify ireland in 1541

• established it as a separate kingdom

• imposed english law

• created counties out of gaelic lordships

why did the relation with ireland become more complex after 1534

due to emerging religious differences

what type of foreign policy did henry return to in the 1540s

aggressive foreign policy

what was englands invasion of scotland in 1542 immediately met with

military succes

which battle were the scots heavily defeated in in 1542

the battle of solway moss

what happened to james v after hearing the news of the defeat at solway moss

he died leaving one-week-old mary as heir

what did the scottish policy become known as in 1540s and why

rough wooing

henry sought to marry young prince edward to mary queen of scots

who was the scottish regent who supported marriage of edward + mary

earl of arran

what did english ambassador, sir ralph sadler report about scotland in 1540s

there was widespread suspicion of english intentions

when was the treaty of greenwich

1543

what did the treaty of greenwich include

edward and mary formally betrothed

what did arran’s desertion of the english cause promt henry to do

order the earl of hertford to carry out a raid on edinburgh, leigh and st andrews

what did henry do to facilitate the french invasion in 1540

agreed an alliance with the emporer

what was the size of the army henry assembled in 1544 for the invasion of france

36,000

in the 1544 invasion where did england confide itself to in france

the vicinity of calais

success of england in france 1544

captured boulogne

failure of england in france 1544

unsuccessfully besieged montreuil