Causes of WWII

League of Nations

• Founded in 1920 after World War I

• Aimed to maintain peace and prevent future wars

• Treaty of Versailles established its creation

• Failed to prevent World War II

• Disbanded in 1946, replaced by the United Nations

Weimar Republic

The Weimar Republic, officially known as the German Reich, was a historical period of Germany from 9 November 1918 to 23 March 1933, during which it was a constitutional federal republic for the first time in history

Treaty of Versailles 5 points

1. War guilt Clause

2. Breaking down empire

3. reparations

4. dismantling army and navy

5. demilitarize the rhineland

Treaty of Trianon

Hungary

Treaty of Nevilly sur Seine

Bulgaria, disarmment, reparations, only has access to the black sea now, “2nd national catastrophe”

Treaty of Sevres

Ottoman Empire (denied)

Treaty of Lausanne

Ottoman empire, created Turkey

The time of troubles

1919-23 Weimar Republic, german resentment, $31.4 in reparations, armed rebellions

The golden twenties

Dec 1923-Oct 1929 dawes plan, 800M GM loan from the US, cultural explosion

Strengths of the Weimar Republic

• individual freedoms

• suffrage

• proportional representation

• general elections

• Dawes Plan

Weaknesses of the Weimar Republic

• coalitions

• article 48

• foreign loans

• conservative elite

Hemispheric Cooperation

an effort to create a cohesive hemisphere first, then start worrying about other hemisphere

Monroe Doctrine

“big stick” roosevelt corollary, dollar diplomacy, moral diplomacy

Argentina Fascism

controlled market and economy, economically supported by Germany, openly harbored nazis, challenged US hegemony

Bazil Fascism

Authoritarian leader, favored state capitalism, anti-communist- constitution modeled after European fascist nations, had policies like the Estado Nuevo

Good Neighbor Policy

FDR’s policy for the western hemisphere, trade agreements, social policies, trade agreements

Washington Naval Conference

1922 Japan threatened West’s status quo in Pacific and agreed to 5:5:3 ratio and no expansion of naval bases, included US, Britain, Britain, Italy, and Japan

Dawes Plan

1924 circular money

Locarno Pact

1925 normalizes relations with Germany and solidifies the Western borders of Europe. Poland was left unsatisfied.

Kellog-Briand Pact

1928 recounces war and disarm, nations confirming that war will not be used to settle disputes

Lausanne Conference

1932 suspended German WWI reparations

Mukden Incident

Japanese invade Manchuria then promptly leave the LON in 1933

Italy invades Ethiopia

1935 invaded Ethiopia with chemical weapons, Italy leaves LON, emperor Haile Selaisse appeals to LON

Spanish Civil War

1936 Hitler and Mussolini support Francisco Franco, Britain and France declare nuetrality, USSR supports communism, Facsism wins

France-Soviet treaty

1936 solidifies alliance between France and USSR. Hitler utilizes this as justification to remilitarize the rhineland

Stresa Front

April 1935 Britian, France and Italy in response to German announcement of rearmment.

Anglo German Naval agreement

allowed Germany to violate restrictions imposed by the Treaty of Versailles, prompting international criticism and driving a wedge between the French and the British, british made this agreement in secret and did not consult anyone else

Pact of Steel

1939 solidifies German and Italian alliance and makes it public

Hossback Memorandum

1937 A secret meeitn gbetween Hitler and his top personnel where he made war plans

March on Rome

1922 appointed Mussolini as prime minister

Beer Hall

Nov 1923 during Weimar Republic The Beer Hall Putsch, also known as the Munich Putsch, was a failed coup d'état by Nazi Party

the 25 points

Feb 1920 the 25 points that defined the nazi party

German government organizations used to control oppression

Gestapo, brown shirts, SS, Hitler Youth

Joseph Goebbels

Head of german propoganda, killed all 6 of his kids and himself

Reinhard heydrich

Architect of the Final Solution

Hermann Goring

Second in Command to Hitler, Head of Luftwaffe and founded the Gestapo, morphine addict

Heinrich Himmler

Head of SS and oversaw camps

Hitler appointed chancellor

Jan 30 1933

Reichstag Fire

Feb 27 1933 national incident where a mysterious fire started, blame was placed on a Jewish communist and was executed. Allowed Hitler to ban freedom of speech, protests, and privacy, start of the Nazi regime rule

Dachau

March 22 1933 first camp was opened outside of Munich, opposers sent there

The Enabling Act

March 23 1933 The Enabling Act allowed the Reich government to issue laws without the consent of Germany's parliament, laying the foundation for the complete Nazification of Germany

Reichskonkordat

July 20 1933 the pope gives the german party the right to act outside of the german church, outside of morals

Night of the Long Knives

June 30 1934 Hitler presented with a fabricated scrapbook of evidence that Rohm was going to overthrow him, kills him and other higher up brown shirts

The ban on homosexuality and Nuremberg Laws

1935 law for protection of german blood and honor, caused immediate/concrete segregation and exclusion from society between Jews and ariants

Jewish passports deemed invalid

1938 Jews were unable to leave germany

Law fpr the prevention of genetically diseased off spring

July 14 1933 legalized euthanasia to keep the bloodline pure

Japan class Order

1. emperor

2. shogun and daimyo

3. samurai

4. peasants and artisans

5. merchants

Meiji Restoration of 1868

modernized and opened Japan

First Sino-japanese war

1894-95 led to Japan gaining Taiwan

Russo-japanese War

1904-05 made Korea a protectorate and Russia leaves Manchuria

Taisho Period

1912-26 period of democratic reform and strong economic growth, the urban faired far more than rural Japan.

21 demands

1915 proposed to China, gave japan influence over China and made them a protectorate, ends the open door policy

The Showa Era

1926 emperor Showa continued industrilization in urban areas, had corruption, hypernationalism, distrust of party politics, heavy dose of WEC, prime minister assassinations

japanese Exclusion Act of 1929

1929 made the military a state within a state, led to social agitation/rise of radicalism,

Kempeitai

Japanese military and secret police force

Kokutai

a spirit they worshipped, contributed to theri hypernationalism

bushido

way of the warrior, live and die for the japanese empire

National Mobilization Law

allows the government to control multiple public aganecies and get them ready for war

National Spiritual Mobilization Movement

enriching spirit of Kokutai, propoganda, monitoring news and info, created the proclaimed “new order” for Asia run by the Yamato people

Hakkotchiu

unifying the whole world under one roof

The Mukden Incident

1931 taking over Manchuria and turning it into Manchuko, puppet state,

Japanese border wars 1932-39

rumblings and skirmishes between USSR and Japan

Marco Polo Bridge incident

July 7 1937 the chinese fired on the japanese, japanese used this to start the war

Nanking Massacre

1937 200K+ dead civilians and and wide spread rape

The Battle of Shanghai

Aug-Nov 1937 depletes the chinese nationalists and fragments the nation

Tripartite Treaty

1940 a mutual defense treaty, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan

Japanese-Soviet non-aggression pact

April 1941 a nuetrality pact between USSR and Japan after border wars

Sinking of the Panay

Dec 1937 Japan sunk the panay, a boat rescuing civilains from Nanking, but apologizes and financially compensates

Sudeten Crisis

Sep 1938 Hitler wants Czechoslovakia since there are ethnic germans living there

Muncih Conference

Sep 29 1938 called by Mussolini, Chamberlain decides that Czech is not worthy of war, Hitler gets Czech

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

Aug 1939 was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned Central and Eastern Europe between them

orthodox

The west should have stood up to Hitler at Muncih. ex) Churchhill

Revisionist

Appeasement was the right decision due to the limitations at the tme, provided time to rearm

Post-revisionist

appeasement was fine, it was CHamberlain’s handling of it that went wron, should have developed a stronger front with France, and shown Hitler this was the last time

Office of Inter-American Affairs

1941 promotes economic cooperation with the US

Pan American States Conference

1942 (Rio) US offered economic aid t Brazil in exchange for security cooperation and severing of ties with Germany. Brazil cut relations shortly after