heimler apush unit 7

Frontier Thesis

The argument by Frederick Jackson Turner that westward expansion helped make American society more democratic; emphasized cheap, unsettled land and the absence of a landed aristocracy

Which factors motivated American imperialists?

expand American economic reach to foreign markets through access to raw materials, white superiority, American exceptionalism

Our Country

Book written by a Josiah Strong (minister) that proclaimed the superiority of Anglo-Saxon (white) civilization, justified imperialism

The Influence of Sea Power

Alfred T. Mahan wrote this in 1890, he argued that control of the sea was the key to world dominance which lead to the growth of the U.S. navy

What criticisms did anti-imperialists make?

denies a nation's right to self-determination, against longstanding isolationism

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned Americans not to get involved in European affairs, not to make permanent alliances, not to form political parties and to avoid sectionalism.

Causes of Spanish American War

1898 Cuban rebellion against Spain, Yellow Journalism exaggerating Spanish wrongs, Explosion of the USS Maine in Cuba

Effects of the Spanish American War

Cuban independence from Spain but w Platt Amendment, US acquisition of Caribbean and Pacific islands, continued American control in the Philippines led to conflict

Platt Amendment

1901 Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Philippine-American War

1899-1902 US allied with Filipinos to help them gain independence from Spain, but ceded to America after the war instead, Filipinos resisted under Emilio Aguinaldo

Open Door Policy

A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China.

What issues concerned Progressives?

The rising power of big business, uncertainties in the economy, increasingly violent conflicts between labor and business interests, the influence of political machines, Jim Crow segregation in the South, and the rights of women

muckrakers

Investigative journalists who attempted to expose corporate corruption, mistreatment of workers and to shed light on the problems ailing poor, urban, and predominantly immigrant communities ex. The Jungle by Upton Sinclair, How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis, Ida Tarbell exposing Standard Oil

Political change in the Progressive Era

secret ballot limited influence of political machines, 17th Amendment 1913 transferred elections back to the hands of the people/direct elections

Booker T. Washington

argued that blacks should focus on improving education and economic opportunity within the black community before demanding political equality.

W.E.B. DuBois

argued the opposite of Washington, claiming political equality would allow blacks to enjoy improved education and economic opportunities

Niagara Movement

in 1905 Dubois started this movement at Niagara Falls, and four years later joined with white progressives sympathetic to their cause to form NAACP, the new organization later led to the drive for equal rights, abolish segregation, expand education

Teddy Roosevelt

1901-1909 Square Deal (considered both sides of any conflict), Pure Food and Drug Act, FDA, Forest Reserve Act, Sherman Antitrust Act to break up monopolies

18th Amendment

1919 Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

1920 Gave women the right to vote

Zimmerman Telegram

A telegram Germany sent to Mexico to convince Mexico to attack the U.S., led to US involvement in WW1

Lucitania

Passenger ship carrying Americans sunk by unrestricted submarine warfare by Germany, caused American tension with Germany before entering the war

What effect did US entry into WW1 have?

tipped balance of conflict in favor of the Allies with assistance of the American Expeditionary Forces

The Great Migration

movement of over 1 mil African Americans from the rural south into Northern cities in the early 1900s, escaping oppression, discrimination (Jim Crow Laws), seeking jobs in urban centers *continuation of the Exoduster Movement

How did the govt limit free speech during WW1?

Espionage Act + Sedition Act prohibited Americans from making disloyal comments about the war effort, Schneck v. US invalidated the freedom of speech if there is possible danger involved

Treaty of Versailles

the treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans, not ratified by the US

Fourteen Points

A series of proposals in which U.S. president Woodrow Wilson outlined a plan for achieving a lasting peace after World War I- self determination, League of Nations, free seas

First Red Scare

widespread fear of Communism in the US during the 1920s after the revolution in Russia and increased immigration from Eastern Europe

Palmer Raids

Congressional support to raid houses of radicals believed to have connections to communism

Tulsa Race Riot

1921 racial battle that killed many and burned some of the city, shows continued discrimination against black people even after the Great Migration

Return to Normalcy

Harding's campaign slogan, wanting to go back to how things were before the war, replacing Progressive economic regulations in favor of laissez-faire

Assembly Line

Production method that breaks down a complex job into a series of smaller tasks created by Henry Ford, led to increase in productivity in manufacturing

Flappers

Young women of the 1920s that behaved and dressed in a radical fashion

How did women challenge traditional gender roles in the 20s?

flappers, opportunity to enter the workforce as factory workers with low wages, nurses, and teachers

National Origins Act

Very restrictive immigration quota passed in 1924, almost eliminated immigration from Eastern and Southern Europe

Frederick Taylor

wanted to improve industrial efficiency, known as the father of scientific management, influenced assembly line production

The Lost Generation

Group of writers in 1920s who shared the belief that they were lost in a greedy, materialistic world after WW1 that lacked moral values and often choose to flee to Europe

The Harlem Renaissance

A period in the 1920s when African-American achievements in art and music and literature flourished ex. Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, Langston Hughes

How did radio and motion pictures affect society?

The cross-regional sharing of information, music, and movies led to the emergence of a mass, or popular, culture

Scopes Monkey Trial

1925, the trial that prosecuted a teacher for illegally teaching Darwin's theory of evolution, reflected the clash between modernism and fundamentalism

What caused the Great Depression?

Farmers hurt by overproduction and a decline in global trade, market instability caused by credit, and the eventual stock market crash in 1929 (Black Tuesday)

Hoovervilles

Depression shantytowns, named after the president whom many blamed for their financial distress bc of lack of govt help

limited welfare

Roosevelt's policy that replaced Hoover's laissez-faire, made the govt responsible for the economic and social welfare of its citizens

the New Deal

A series of reforms enacted by the Franklin Roosevelt administration between 1933 and 1942 with the goal of ending the Great Depression (relief, recovery, reform)

Public Works Administration (PWA)

Helped construction workers get jobs doing public projects (highways, bridges, sewers)

Tenessee Valley Authority (TVA)

created by congress to build dams on the Tennessee River that would control floods, bring electricity to rural areas that were without it, and provide jobs.

Glass-Steagall Banking Act

increased regulation of the banks and limited how banks could invest customers' money

Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC)

an agency created in 1933 to insure individuals' bank accounts, protecting people against losses due to bank failures

Social Security Act

1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65

What were the criticisms of the New Deal?

-liberals thought that the new deal didn't do enough to help the poor/fix the economy
-conservatives thought that the new deal was an overreach of federal power to control business/socialize the economy

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Government agency that was part of the New Deal and dealt with the industrial sector of the economy. It allowed industries to create fair competition which were intended to reduce destructive competition and to help workers by setting minimum wages and maximum weekly hours.

What positions were taken on joining WW2?

isolationists- highlighted the death toll from WW2, believed the US had no reason to get involved in foreign conflict
interventionists- argued the "Atlantic buffer" served no purpose with new technology, Nazi Germany can take over if left unchecked

US involvement before entering WW2

aided Great Britain and the Soviet Union through sending supplies, ammunition, ships, etc. ex. Cash and Carry/Lend-Lease Act (British access to American weapons), Destroyers for Bases (exchanged US ships for Brit land rights)

Pearl Harbor

Base in hawaii that was bombed by japan on December 7, 1941, which prompted American entry to the war.

Executive Order 9066

FDR's order to place all Japanese Americans in Internment Camps due to suspicion of espionage and racism

Korematsu v. US

1944 Supreme Court case in which the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japanese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor

D-Day Invasion

1944 Allied troops landed at Normandy Beach to start liberating France from German control, led to V-E Day

Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

ended the war in the Pacific in 1945 with the success of the island hopping campaign

Marshall Plan

A United States program of economic aid for the reconstruction of Europe (1948-1952), aimed to promote capitalism

United Nations

An international organization formed after WWII to promote international peace, security, and cooperation

Roosevelt Corollary

Roosevelt's 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force