Cellular Regulation + NHL

Cancer steps

initiation, promotion, progression

regular cells have development that is _____ and ______

orderly, predictable

intiation

initiators interact with dna and change it

the effect of initiators are _____ and will last until the cell ____

irreversible, death

daughter cells from the intitated/mutated cell will also carry the

mutation

risk increases indefinitely with higher levels of exposure to the ____

initiator

Promotion

ongoing exposure promotes proliferation of abnormal cells

promoters have no effect if the organism has not been previously ______ with an

treated, initiator

progression

transformation of benign tumor to neoplasm then malignancy

progression is associated with a ____ change

genetic

almost all tumors that advance are _____

aneuploid

aneuploid def

wrong number of chromosomes

genetic change is coupled with

increased cell growth rate, invasiveness, metastasis, alteration in biochem and morphology

hyperplasia

normal cell appearance, too many

dysplasia

weird appearance, disorganized, too many

carcinoma in situ

cells weird, spreads in a region

carcinoma in situ cells usually _______ and are said to be _______/______

regress, de-differentiated/anaplastic

carcinoma in situ is usually totally ____ by surgery since all the cells are in ______

curable, one location

cancr/malignant tumors means there is an ______ to surrounding tissues or the _______/spread to areas outside local tissue

invasion, metastasize

pattern of ______ and _______ predicts where the primary tumor will spread

circulation, lymphatic drainage

well differentiated means cells become more _______ and looks like the cell it should be, while poorly differentiated means cells don’t look like the way they need to

specialized

angiogenesis for cancer supplies ________ to fuel the cancer

capillaries and blood supply

previous chemo hx means ______ cancer risk because chemo _______ the immune system and chemo is a ______

higher, weakens, carcinogen

bone marrow biopsy is usually taken from the ____ bone

hip

benign tumor clinical manifestations

localized, encapsulated, noninvasive, differentiated, respond to homeostatic control, slow growth, doesn’t recur, not fatal

malignant tumor clinical manifestations

spread, not encapsulated, invasive, poor differentiated, no response to body signals, rapid growth, recur, kills host

cancer spread methods

direct invasion, tissue destruction, lymphatic spread, hematogenous spread, own support system

no contact inhibition

other cells stop sick cell from growing

tissue destruction methods

enzymes, pressure atrophy

lymphatic spread method

less cellular cement, break away and travel

hematogenous spread method

break through vessel walls and travel

hematogenous spread of cancer is usually through the ____ system

venous

how does cancer evade immune surveillance?

immune system exhausted, suppress t cell activation, sneak through t cell, no longer foreign, tolerated

oncogenes are _____ genes involved in normal cell ____

mutated, growth

when oncogenes are activated cancer cells can

grow

oncogenes are ____ or due to _______ exposure

inherited, environment

tumor suppressor genes make tumor suppresor ____ which help to repair _____

proteins, damage dna

tumor suppressor genes can be _____ by genetic mutation

inactivated

genetic impairment factors for cancer

oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, gatekeeper genes, caretaker genes

external factors for cancer

chemicals, radiation, viruses, diet

internal factors for cancer

hormones, immune system, inherited mutations

________ are initiators that directly alter _____

genotoxic carcinogens, dna

promoter carcinogens cause cancer ONLY AFTER _______

initiator mutation

_____% of cancers are hereditary and ____ percent are diagnosed after 55

5-10, 77

risk factors for cancer

poverty, diet, tobacco, alcohol, sun, stress, obesity, males

_____ have higher survival rates for cancer

females

female cancer common

breast, lung, colon, uterine

male cancer common

prostate, lung, GI, bladder

NHL pathophysiology usually targets (x3) lymphocyte cells

B, T, NK

NHL environmental/genetic/other factors

EBV, Human t-lymphotropic virus 1, H pylori

NHL can involve organs like:

spleen, bone marrow, peripheral blood, head/neck, GI tract, skin

NHL clinical manifestations

lymphadenopathy, b symptoms, infection risk

B symptoms

fever, drenching night sweats, weight loss

Stage I

one lymph node region/site

Stage II

2+ lymph node regions on same side of diaphragm

Stage III

lymph node regions on both diaphragm sides

Stage IV

involved of extra lymphatic organs

Ann arbor system staging takes into account 3 things:

location, genera health hx, previous cancer treatment

lymphadenopathy def

swollen lymph nodes

A classification for NHL

asymptomatic

E classification for NHL

involvement of one extranodal site

S classification NHL

spleen

X classification NHL means _____, which is a ______ in the lymph node

bulky nodal disease, large mass

NHL treatment methods

surgery, radiation, chemo