Communication Disorders

Communication

the exchange of ideas from one person to another

There must be sender, a message, and a receiver

Sociolinguistics

How society affects language

Cultural Identity - Age, gender, ethnic background, education

Setting- where communication takes place

Participants - who’s engaged in conversation

Language

A socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts or ideas through the use of arbitrary symbols and rule governed combinations of those symbols

Language is

-socially shared

-a code which is a system of words, letters, and figures that represent ideas

Language is both..

dynamic - changes over the centuries and decades

generative - we don't speak in memorized forms. (i.e when a professor teaches the same material to a new class they don’t use the same exact words)

Receptive Language

-Understanding

-Comprehension

-Discrimination

-Following Directions

Expressive Language

-What we verbally convey

-Sentence Formulation

-Putting together grammar verbally

-Naming, Describing

Linguistic intuiton

A natural understanding of the rules

The Bloom and Lahey Model of Language

content, form, use

Form

Structure of language. Includes phonology, morphology, and syntax

Content

Meaning of language - Includes semantics

Use

Social conventions of language, pragmatics

Phonology

study of the sounds of a language

• a phoneme is a minimal unit of sound

Morphology

• a morpheme or word is a minimal unit of meaning

• word structure can change by adding an ending such a as (s) or (ing)

Syntax

• grammar of the language

• governs how we put words together in a sentence

Pragmatics

-the social part of language

-ex: turn taking, eye contact,

speech

-verbal output

-physical rather than cognitive

Speech incorporates

-fluency (rate and smoothness of speech)

-respiration(breath support)

-phonation(use of voice)

-resonation(the oral, nasal, pharynx enhancing sound)

-articulation(the shaping of sounds with the tongue, lips, teeth, hard palate)

Anamtomical systems of speech and hearing

1. Nervous System

2. Respiratory System

3. Phonatory/ Voice System

4. Articulatory System

5. Auditory System

Parameters of Voice

-Loudness

-Pitch

-Quality

-Variability

Artifacts

How we decorate self or environment

Kinesics

the movement of the body as a means of nonverbal communication

proxemics

the distance between individuals during communication

1. intimate (gf/bf)

2. social (friends hanging out)

3. formal (professor teaching students)

4. public (president making speech)

Chronemics

the study of how time affects communication and the way people perceive and value time in interactions.

Dialect

-Variation/subset within a language. It is not a disorder. (eg. think of military branches

-Includes pronunciation

-Includes vocabulary

-Includes grammar

-very specific consistent phonological rules.  (eg. Del of Cons cluster)

John ran fast (fas)

Genderlect

-People communicating differently based on the social cues, constructs and societal expectations of gender. 

Idiolect

an individual’s unique way of speaking.

Communication Disorder

Impairment in the ability to receive, send, process and comprehend concepts or verbal/non-verbal and graphic symbol systems.

Etiology - the cause of a disease

1. acquired (caused over time) vs congenital (caused at birth)

2. delay (when a child is developing behind, but on the right track) vs. deviance (when a child is off the track with unusual patterns that don't match typical development)

3. organic (a disease thats neurological or physical) vs functional (no clear cause)

Language Disorders

• Disorders of Form, Content and Use

• expressive, receptive or both

• impacts phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics.

Speech Sound Disorder

• Articulation

• Actual production of specific sounds. Deletions, substitutions, distortions ( eg. lisp)

• phonological

• Breaks the rules for producing and combining speech sounds in a language.

Fluency Disorders

• Stuttering - affects rates, rhythm, timing of speech

• includes: audible blocks, syllable reps, prolongations

Voice Disorder - Affects pitch, loudness, quality

• Polyps, tumors, nodules,ulcers

• Vocal abuse

• Bad vocal habits

• Neurogenic diseases (damage to nervous system)

Hearing Disorders - Deafness

When person’s ability to perceive sound is limited to such an extent that the primary sensory input for communication is other than the auditory channel.

-can be congenital (from birth) or acquired

Hearing loss may be…

• Bilateral vs Unilateral

• Mild vs Severe

• Conductive (damage to the outer ear/middle ear) vs. sensorineural (damage to inner ear/cochlea)

Central Auditory Processing Disorder

Normal hearing but difficulty understanding or comprehending speech.

Education of the Handicapped Act/IDEA- INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES ACT

-Free and equal education  for children with disabilities in LEAST RESTRICTIVE ENVIRONMENT

-Originally covered ages 5 thru 21

-Ensures all children with an identified disability receive special education and related services to address their individual needs. 

-Ensure that all children with disabilities be prepared for employment and independent living. 

Education of Handicapped Act Amendment -1986

• Provide services when identified

• Infants and toddlers are eligible for services for free through public schools

The Rehabilitation Act -1973

-Prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities

-with agencies that receives federal funds like schools

-section 504 of the law remained unenforced

Americans with Disabilities Act 1990

prohibits discrimination against people with disabilities in key areas of public life, including employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, transportation, and telecommunications. It mandates that employers with 15 or more employees provide reasonable accommodations, ensures equal access to public services, and requires private businesses to be accessible, while also covering access to telecommunications (allow people with hearing and speech disabilities to communicate)

Assistive Technology Act 2004

• provides federal and state funding for programs to help individuals with disabilities gain access to and use assistive technology

• offer services such as device demonstrations, loans, financing options, and training to help people obtain the AT needed for independent living, education, and employment

Speech Language Pathologist

assess, diagnose, treat disorders of speech, language and hearing

• need to complete undergrad, and complete a masters degree, must receive 200 hours of clinical training, must complete clinical fellowship, must get CCC (Certificate of Clinical Competence), must get a state license

Audiologist

diagnoses, assesses, treats hard of hearing & deafness, dispenses hearing aids

4 year undergrad, 4 year audiology, must get a phD to become an audiologist

Psychologists

assesses, counsels cognitive issues (ADHD, Anxiety, OCD, bipolar, depression etc)

physical therapist

gross motor skills (i.e transfer/ learn how to move from one place to another, walking, running, )

Occupational Therapist - fine motor skills

teaching how to write,crafts, drinking, using scissors