Organelles AP Biology

(control center/brain of cell)

Nucleus- store cell's genetic info and control cell activities

Protein Factory

Rough ER- synthesizes proteins with the help of ribosomes. made up of cisternae sacs ad tubules that have ribosomes

Lipid Lab

Synthesize lipids and detoxifies certain chemicals. Made up of tubules

UPS

Golgi apparatus- modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for delivery around the cell or out of the cell. As protein goes through golgi the protein will be folded into different shape and things can be added like lipids and carbohydrates. Cis side faces toward ER to receive vesicles and trans side expels vesicles.

Solar Panels

Chloroplasts- Converts sunlight to chemical energy through photosynthesis. green from chlorophyll. Found in plants only

Energy generator

Produce energy (ATP) through cellular respiration. covert unusable energy into usuable energy. Double membrane, with own DNA and ribosomes. Inner membrane is highly folded into cristae which increase SA

Garbage disposal and recycling center

Lysosomes- Breaks down waste material and cellular debris, can also be used to break down and recycle material so it can be used in the cell. Break down using hydrolytic enzymes. phagocytosis=engulf

Detox Units/ chemical cleansers

Peroxisomes- Breaks down fatty acids and detoxifies harmful substances. They can involved in the synthesis pf plasmalogens, a type of phospholipid needed to create components of cell membrane. They are necessary for digestion and absorption of fats in the small intestines. MAIN ROLE IS TO BREAK DOWN THING THAT ARE HARMFUL LIKE H2O2 INTO SAFE PRODUCTS LIKE WATER AND OXYGEN. lot of them in liver

Assembly like/ protein blocks

ribosomes- Synthesize proteins from amino acid. synthesize protains by translating mRNA into polypetide chains. If ribsome is a free/floating around int he cytoplasm then it will make proteins for inside the cell but is attached to ER it'll make proteins for secretion of membrane insertion (organelles)

Support framework

Cytoskeleton- provides structural support and aids in cell movement - network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Cell shape, muscle contraction and cell movement (microfilaments). Intermediate filaments (mechanical support and anchor organelles. Microtubules serve as tracks for the movement of organelles and vesicles. (cilia and flagella)

Border patrol

plasma membrane- regulate what enters and exits the cell

Storage Units

Vacuoles- stores nutrients, water, and waste. Large central vacuoles are used in plant cells

Cell organizer

Centrosomes/centrioles- helps in organizing microtubules and cell division

DNA packaging

Chromatin- complex of DNA and histone proteins. condense to form chromosomes during cell division and play a role in gene regulation

Ribsome og factory

Nucleolus- ribosomal RNA is synthesized and combined with proteins to form ribosome subunits

Blueprints

DNA- carris genetic instructions for making proteins and directing all cellular activities

Gateway to brain

Nuclear pores- large protein complexes embedded in nuclear envelope that regulate the transport of molecules in and out of nucleus

fondant

nuclear envelope- separate intracellular and extracellular it is a double membrane that surrounds nucleus. It is continuous with the ER so that ribosomes can flow right to ER

The Great wall (plants)

cell wall- very rigid and used for structure. only in plants

cillia

respatory system has cillia. it helps trap particle you inhale and expel them when you cough

flagellum

sperm cells have them. found in bacteria as well. aid in movement

how to calculate SA

square the side then multiple by the faces
ex: a 2x2x2 square will be 4x 6=24 as its SA

what does a high SA:V ratio help with

take in oxygen, glucose, amino acids and kick out waste.

how to calculate V

length x width x height

what increases more with larger shapes SA or V

V because the larger the item with increase 9 times because you're multiplying by three sides instead of two. the SA will be 3 times as big

Why do humans need specialized systems vs prokaryotes

Humans are much larger and more complex than something like bacteria so they have adapted to have specilized exchange surfaces like alveoli that allow for a greater up take of oxygen in the lungs, it increases SA without increasing V. In the intestines we have villi that allow for absorption of nutrients. Bacteria are tiny so they can rely on diffusion across their surface for everything they need.

What increases diffusion of molecules

size. diffusion takes traveling 1 um in a bacteria but could take have to travel 5 cm in a human which is 50,000 times more. This is why diffusion is not the main form of transport. The body instead uses transport systems like blood vessels which take materials around organs so they don't need to travel as far by themself

whats the endosymbiotic theory

. The theory suggests that these organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once free-living prokaryotes that became part of a host cell through a process called endosymbiosis.

whats proof of endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplast aerobic and are engulfed by an anerobic cell then they mutually benefited off each other so they developed together. both. make their own dna (circular-plasmid). both have ribosomes= make their own proteins. both divided by binary fission. both have double membrane.

what does the membrane have

proteins, cholesterol, carbohydrates, and phospholipids

What is a theory?

•A set of related hypotheses that have been tested and confirmed many times by many scientists.

what's cell theory

all living organism are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function, all cells come from pre-existing cells

exceptions to cell theory

muscle cells: multinucleated, very long (not box like)
fungal hyphae: very large, multinucleated chitin cell wall, Amoebae- single cell capable of all life process

What functions do all living organisms carry out (uni and multi)

1)obtain and use materials
- metabolism: nutrition
2) responds to its environment (stimulus)
3) Maintain internal balance (homeostasis)
4) grow and develop
5) reproduce
movement
6) based on genetic code
7)evolve

do cells grow indefinitely

No if a cells get to large nutrient and waste control get difficult so it divides (mitosis and meosis)

what does surface area determine

rate at which things are used (cell membrane-more of it= higher SA)

volume determines what

amount of metabolism in cytoplasm (cytoplasm= more volume)

Intercellular Junctions

Plants- plasmodestmata
Animals- Tigh junctions-hold cells togther tightly enough to block tansport of substances through intercellular space
desmosomes- rivet cells togeth into strong sheets but permit substances to pass freely through intercelllular
gap junctions- specialized for material transport between the cytoplasm od adjacent cells

vacuoles

membrane bound sacs- storage for food, wastes, toxins, water in plants. increase SA:V allows rigidity. Enclosed by membrane called TONOPLAST

glyoxysomes

found only in plants. lipids converted to carbs for growth

proteasome

4 rings of protein subunits; 2 outer alpha rings and 3 inner beta rings. Remove abnormal or misfolded proteins. cellular differentiation

electrical gradient

because there are pumps meant for only certain ions that means that there will be an electrical imbalance (one positive and one negative side)