Chapter 22-Respiratory pt 1

Patients with rhinitis often have "watery eyes" because ______.

the infection has stimulated increased lacrimal fluid secretion by the lacrimal glands

the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts

the paranasal sinuses are blocked with excess mucus

All of the listed responses are correct.

the infection has caused inflammation of the nasolacrimal ducts

The adenoids normally destroy pathogens because they contain ______.

white pulp that performs immune functions

red pulp that performs immune functions

lymph nodes

lymphocytes

lymphocytes

Which of the following processes are unique to the respiratory system?

pulmonary ventilation and transport of respiratory gases

pulmonary ventilation and internal respiration

external and internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation and external respiration

pulmonary ventilation and external respiration

Which of the following processes is NOT properly matched with its description?

pulmonary ventilation: movement of gases into and out of the lungs

transport of respiratory gases: O2 is bound to hemoglobin

internal respiration: O2 diffuses out of the blood

external respiration: CO2 diffuses into the blood stream

external respiration: CO2 diffuses into the bloodstream

The division between the upper and lower respiratory system is at the nasopharynx.

True

False

false

Which of the following is NOT a benefit of breathing through the nose?

filtration of the air entering the nasal cavity

recovering heat and moisture from the air leaving the nasal cavity

the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae

heating and moistening the air entering the nasal cavity

the production of smooth, laminar airflow as air passes by the nasal conchae

Which of the following is an organ shared by the respiratory system and the digestive system?

esophagus

trachea

larynx

pharynx

pharynx

Which of these structures is/are NOT properly matched with one of its/their functions?

nasal conchae: increase the mucosal surface area exposed to air

paranasal sinuses: house olfactory receptors

nasopharynx: conduct air toward and from the larynx

pharyngeal tonsil: trap and destroy pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air

paranasal sinuses: house olfactory receptors

Which bone does NOT contain paranasal sinuses?

ethmoid

frontal

temporal

maxillary

temporal

The nose serves all of the following functions EXCEPT ________.

as the direct initiator of the cough reflex

warming and humidifying the air

as a passageway for air movement

cleansing the air

as the direct initiator of the couch reflex

Most inspired particles such as dust fail to reach the lungs because of the ________.

porous structure of turbinate bones

abundant blood supply to nasal mucosa

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

action of the epiglottis

ciliated mucous lining in the nose

The palatine tonsils are found in which of the following regions?

larynx

oropharynx

nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

oropharynx

Which of the following is NOT a function of the nasal conchae?

reclaiming heat and moisture from expired air

filtering, heating, and moistening incoming air during inhalation

routing air and food into proper channels

increasing the mucosal surface area exposed to air

routing air ad food into proper channels

Which of the following regions contains the opening of a canal that equalizes pressure in the middle ear?

oropharynx

larynx

nasopharynx

laryngopharynx

nasopharynx

Smoking inhibits cilia by inhibiting the movements of ______.

dynein molecules

the basal bodies

microvilli

actin filaments

dynein molecules

The tissue(s) and/or cells that may be affected during laryngitis ______.

is epithelial tissue

is a mucous membrane

are ciliated cells

All of the listed responses are correct.

all are correct

Which of the following helps to protect against tracheal obstruction.

carina of the trachea

trachealis muscle

larynx

tracheal cartilage

larynx

Which of the following is/are part(s) of the respiratory zone structures?

alveoli

terminal bronchioles

main (primary) bronchi

trachea

alveoli

What structure prevents food and liquids from entering the trachea?

vestibular folds

laryngeal prominence

epiglottis

glottis

epiglottis

The alveolar ducts are part of the conducting zone.

True

False

false

The loudness of a person's voice depends on the ________.

length of the vocal folds

thickness of vestibular folds

strength of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles

force with which air rushes across the vocal folds

force with which air rushes across the vocal cords

The walls of the alveoli are composed of two types of cells, type I and type II alveolar cells. The function of type II alveolar cells is to ________.

trap dust and other debris

replace mucus in the alveoli

secrete surfactant

protect the lungs from bacterial invasion

secrete surfactant

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea?

C-shaped cartilage rings

surface tension of water

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

surfactant production

C-shaped cartilage rings

As the tension of vocal folds in the larynx increase, the voice becomes ________.

more distinct

higher in pitch

lower in pitch

louder

higher in pitch

The larynx contains ________.

the thyroid cartilage

an upper pair of avascular mucosal folds called true vocal folds

a cricoid cartilage also called the Adam's apple

lateral cartilage ridges called false vocal folds

thyroid cartilage

Which of the following provide the greatest surface area for gas exchange?

alveoli

terminal bronchioles

alveolar ducts

respiratory bronchioles

alveoli

Which of the following is NOT part of the respiratory membrane of the lungs?

single layer of smooth muscle cells

capillary endothelium

basement membrane

alveolar epithelium

single layer of the smooth muscle cells

Which structure is lined with simple squamous epithelium?

oropharynx

trachea

alveolus

nasopharynx

alveolus

Which of the following anchor(s) the vocal folds?

cuneiform cartilages

cricoid cartilage

arytenoid cartilages

corniculate cartilages

arytenoid cartilage

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure?

alveolar sac

respiratory bronchiole

terminal bronchiole

alveolar duct

terminal bronchiole

Which of the following observations would only be found in the right lung?

an oblique fissure

a cardiac notch

two lobes

a horizontal fissure

a horizontal fissure

Which of the following statements about the pleurae is NOT true?

The pleural lining reduces friction during ventilation.

The parietal and visceral pleura are continuous.

The pleurae create one continuous cavity for both lungs.

The visceral pleura covers the external lung surface and lines the fissures between lobes.

the pleura create one continuous cavity for both lungs

During pleurisy, the inflamed parietal pleura of one lung rubs against the inflamed ______.

thoracic wall

parietal pleura of the other lung

visceral pleura of the same lung

visceral pleura of the other lung

visceral pleura of the same lung

One of the following statements about pleural fluid and the pleural cavity is INCORRECT. Which one?

The intrapleural pressure is always less than the intrapulmonary pressure.

Pleural fluid is produced by the lung alveoli.

Pleural fluid is normally present in the pleural cavity.

The parietal pleura covers the superior part of the diaphragm.

pleural fluid is produced by the lung alveoli

The left lung differs from the right in that the left lung has ________.

a wider and more vertical main (primary) bronchus

an oblique fissure

three lobes

a cardiac notch

a cardiac notch

Which of the choices below is NOT a role of the pleurae?

assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

help divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers

allow the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during breathing movements

help limit the spread of local infections

assist in blood flow to and from the heart because the heart sits between the lungs

Which of the following is responsible for holding the lungs to the thorax wall?

the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles alone

the smooth muscles of the lung

surface tension from pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

the visceral pleurae and the changing volume of the lungs

surface tension from the pleural fluid and negative pressure in the pleural cavity

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle’s law?

How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas.

the pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity?

diaphragm and internal intercostals

diaphragm and external intercostals

internal intercostals and external oblique

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs?

atmospheric pressure

intrapulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure

intrapleural pressure

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration?

histamine

epinephrine

acetylcholine (ACh)

an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system

epinephrine

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung?

lung volume will stay the same

lungs will inflate

lungs will collapse

lungs will collapse

     In pneumothorax, the lung collapses because ______.    

intrapleural pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure is lower than transpulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure

intrapleural pressure is equal to intrapulmonary pressure

Which of the following could be involved in causing bronchiolar constriction during an asthma attack?

acetylcholine

central nervous system

peripheral nervous system

release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals in the airway walls

release of histamine and inflammatory chemicals in the airway walls

In babies born prematurely, pulmonary surfactant may not be present in adequate amounts ______.

in the conducting zone structures of the lungs

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

to permit adequate surface tension in the alveoli

because the presence of collapsed alveoli prevents surfactant production

due to insufficient exocytosis in the type II alveolar cells

Normally, the lungs function in a fairly high state of compliance. Which of the following could cause lung compliance to be abnormally high or low?

atelectasis

pulmonary fibrosis

emphysema

All of the above are correct.

all are correct

If the compliance of the thoracic wall is decreased, ______.

the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation

the intrapulmonary pressure would remain lower than the atmospheric pressure

the airway resistance would be decreased

None of the listed responses is correct.

the intrapleural pressure would not decrease normally during inhalation

Which of the following is not a physical factor that influences pulmonary ventilation?

airway resistance

partial pressure of oxygen in the air

alveolar surface tension

lung compliance

partial pressure of oxygen in the air

Which of the following creates an adhesive force that prevents separation of the parietal and visceral pleurae during ventilation?

alveolar fluid surface tension

negative intrapulmonary pressure

negative intrapleural pressure

lung elasticity

negative intrapleural pressure

_________ pressure, the difference between the intrapulmonary and intrapleural pressures, prevents the lungs from collapsing.

Intra-alveolar

Transthoracic

Transpulmonary

Atmospheric

transpulmonary

Quiet inspiration is __________, and quiet expiration is __________.

an active process; a passive process

a passive process; also a passive process

a passive process; an active process

an active process; also an active process

an active process; a passive process

To produce the pressure gradient responsible for inspiration, thoracic volume must first increase in order to decrease intrapulmonary pressure relative to atmospheric pressure.

True

False

true

Which of the following factors benefits pulmonary ventilation by making inspiration easier?

increased alveolar surface tension

reduced lung compliance

increased secretion of surfactant

increased airway resistance

increased secretion of surfactant

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________.

equal to the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the intra-alveolar pressure

less than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Which of the following is true regarding normal quiet expiration of air?

It requires contraction of abdominal wall muscles.

It depends on the complete lack of surface tension on the alveolar wall.

It is driven by increased blood CO2 levels.

It is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration.

it is a passive process that depends on the recoil of elastic fibers that were stretched during inspiration

Intrapulmonary pressure is the ________.

difference between atmospheric pressure and respiratory pressure

pressure within the pleural cavity

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

negative pressure in the intrapleural space

pressure within the alveoli of the lungs

The relationship between gas pressure and gas volume is described by ________.

Boyle's law

Dalton's law

Charles' law

Henry's law

boyle’s law

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by ________.

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

humidifying the air before it enters

warming the air before it enters

protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Which of the choices below describes the forces that act to pull the lungs away from the thorax wall and thus collapse the lungs?

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

compliance and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and transpulmonary pressures

compliance and transpulmonary pressures

the natural tendency for the lungs to recoil and the surface tension of the alveolar fluid

Which of the following refers to the movement of air into and out of the lungs?

external respiration

pulmonary ventilation

gas exchange

internal respiration

pulmonary ventilation

The major nonelastic source of resistance to air flow in the respiratory passageways is ________.

surface tension

friction

surfactant

air pressure

friction

Which of the following determines lung compliance?

flexibility of the thoracic cage

muscles of inspiration

airway opening

alveolar surface tension

alveolar surface tension

Inspiration occurs when the ________ is less than the ________.

tidal volume; vital capacity

intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

thoracic cavity volume; lung volume

intrapleural pressure; transpulmonary pressure

intrapulmonary pressure; atmospheric pressure

Which respiratory-associated muscles would contract or relax during forced expiration, for example blowing up a balloon?

diaphragm would contract, internal intercostals would relax

diaphragm would contract, external intercostals would relax

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would contract

external intercostals would contract and diaphragm would relax

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles would collapse

Which pressure actually keeps the lungs from collapsing?

intrapulmonary pressure

transpulmonary pressure

intrapleural pressure

atmospheric pressure

transpulmonary pressure

Which of the following is INCORRECT?

Resistance equals pressure gradient over gas flow.

Pressure gradient equals gas flow over resistance.

Gas flow equals pressure gradient over resistance.

The amount of gas flowing in and out of the alveoli is directly proportional to the difference in pressure or pressure gradient between the external atmosphere and the alveoli.

pressure equals gas flow over resistance

Select the correct statement about the physical factors influencing pulmonary ventilation.

As alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required.

A lung that is less elastic will require less muscle action to perform adequate ventilation.

A decrease in compliance causes an increase in ventilation.

Surfactant helps increase alveolar surface tension.

as alveolar surface tension increases, additional muscle action will be required

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first?

thoracic cavity volume decreases

air (gases) flows into lungs

intrapulmonary pressure drops

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

Which law describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas?

Henry's law

Charles' law

Boyle's law

Dalton's law

boyle’s law

Emphysema is a disease process associated with cigarette smoking. It results in the destruction of the elastic fibers in the extracellular matrix and makes the lungs floppy and not firm, impacting compliance. Alveoli are also reduced in numbers as fewer large diameter alveoli replace more numerous smaller diameter alveoli. As a consequence, patients with emphysema exhibit a change in their breathing pattern to overcome which of the following changes in their lung volumes?

View Available Hint(s)for Part A

Resting tidal volume will decrease because the increase in resistance along the airways during inspiration decreases airflow.

Residual volume will decrease because of fewer large diameter alveoli, so that their resting lung volume actually decreases.

Functional residual capacity will increase because of greater compliance so they are breathing at a larger lung volume.

Vital capacity will increase because lung volume increases more easily with contraction of inspiratory muscles.

functional residual capacity will increase because of greater compliance so they are breathing at a larger lung volume

What is the amount of air that is normally ventilated in one breath?

tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

inspiratory reserve volume

vital capacity

tidal volume

Which of the following findings consistently matches pulmonary function with problems with ventilation?

A person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder.

A person with a FEV1 below 80% has a restrictive disorder.

A person with a decreased FVC and FEV1 has an obstructive disorder.

A person with decreased FVC and increased FEV1 has an obstructive disorder.

a person with a decreased FVC and a normal FEV1 has a restrictive disorder

Which of the following statements is true?

Breathing rate and depth do not affect gas exchange.

Normal breathing rates and depth provide the most oxygen for exchange.

Rapid shallow breathing can reduce the amount of gas exchange without changing the total amount of gas moved in a minute.

Slow, deep breathing makes less gas available for gas exchange.

rapid shallow breathing can reduce the amount of gas exchange without changing the total amount of gas moved in a minute

Residual volume can be measured with a spirometer.

True

False

false

Tidal volume is air ________.

remaining in the lungs after forced expiration

exchanged during normal breathing

inhaled after normal inspiration

forcibly expelled after normal expiration

exchanged during normal breathing

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________.

vital capacity

expiratory reserve volume

inspiratory capacity

tidal volume

vital capacity

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

expiratory capacity

reserve air

inspiratory reserve volume

vital capacity

inspiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory capacity is ________.

the total amount of exchangeable air

functional residual capacity

air inspired after a tidal inhalation

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration

Spirometry results reveal a vital capacity of two liters which is well below the predicted value of five liters. This suggests which disorder?

obstructive pulmonary disease

emphysema

restrictive disease

asthma

restrictive disease

Using spirometry, a patient discovers their forced expiratory volume (FEV) after the first second is 40%. What does this suggest?

exposure to asbestos

obstructive pulmonary disease

healthy lungs

restrictive disease

obstructive pulmonary disease