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Who was Francisco Pizarro?
Conquered Inca empire in Peru; his and Cortes' victories pave way for colonial regimes that would shape the Americas
Who was Philip II?
king of Spain; son of Charles V; Spanish empire attained greatest power, extent and influence under his reign
What was the Spanish Armada?
Spanish fleet of 130 ships aiming to invade England; wanted to overthrow Elizabeth I and the establishment of Protestantism in England; disrupted by storms and English; Spanish defeated
What important thing did Tokugawa Ieyasu do?
The founder of the first shogun of the Tokugawa Shogunate in Japan
Where is Edo?
Former name of Tokyo, Japan
Who was Wilhelm I?
-Emperor of the German empire
- Crowned in Versailles after the Franco Prussian War
What was the Sadler Commission Report about?
Government investigation into the working conditions of the industrial factories in response to poor conditions and the peoples issues with them
Why did Europe emerge as a dominant player in world affairs beginning in the 1400s?
exploration, religion (center of Christendom), innovations, economy
Who was Henry the Navigator?
youngest son of king; keeps busy with war and women, late twenties spreads Christianity
What did Vasco da Gama do?
sails up east coast of Africa to Calicut India for "Christians and Spices"; profitable exploration leads to other nations scrambling to trade
Who was Bartolomeo Diaz?
explorer, rounds Cape of Good Hope and enters Indian ocean; route to india, china, southeast asia wide open
What was the Reconquista?
770 years of wars and battles between Christian Kingdoms and Muslim Moors (Africa) for control of Iberian Peninsula, ends w Ferdinand and Isabella taking Granada back
Why did people think Columbus was mistaken in his views about reaching the Spice Islands?
people were skeptical about his geography; Dias's voyage in 1488 already pointed the way toward India and it didn't line up with his route
Why did Ferdinand and Isabella (aka Fernando and Isabel) take a chance on him?
after the Reconquista, Spain was in serious debt and needed money, takes chance on Columbus exploring and finding prosperous trade
What is the Columbian Exchange? What were its consequences?
everything old world to new world (vice versa). Consequences were diseases -> new world did not have resistance from them, wiped many people out
Who was Ferdinand Magellan and what did he do?
Portuguese navigator, paved the way for the first circumnavigation of the world, died during
Who was James Cook and what did he do?
pacific explorer; New Caledonia, Vanuatu, Hawaii; European geography more accurate after his explorations
What was a "trading post empire"?
controls trade routes by forcing merchant vessels to go to trading sites and pay duties; Portuguese as the first in Calicut
What was the Seven Years War? What were its consequences?
Britain + Prussia vs. France, Austria, + Russia; contest for leadership of the Indian ocean
Why didn't native peoples successfully defend their lands from the Europeans?
European technology was much more advanced than the natives; muskets > bows and arrows
Who was Hernan Cortes?
Spanish explorer;Tenochtitlan and Aztec people; conquers Aztec empire through alliances w people resenting Aztec leaders
Who was Isaac Newton?
law of universal gravitation; astronomy & mechanics
What problems in the Catholic Church led to the Protestant Reformation?
corruption; church officials having wives and children; indulgences -> purchasing from Church in order to "secure spot in Heaven"
Who was Johannes Tetzel?
German monk/marketing genius; begins to go and sell to people wishing to get into Heaven; convinced people paying the church could absolve sins
Who was Martin Luther and what did he do?
german reformer; 95 Theses in attempt to reform church; puts ideas in pamphlets that spread around Europe; leads to Catholic reformations
How, according to Luther, were Christians supposed to find salvation?
pure faith
What was the Diet of Worms?
meeting of the Holy Roman Empire; responding to charges of heresy; excommunicated
Why wasn't Luther crushed like many other reformers?
his ideology was widespread through pamphlets across Europe; hidden away by authority
Who was Frederick of Saxony?
hid out and protected martin Luther after imperial ban
What was the Counter-Reformation?
aka Catholic Reformation
What was Ignatius Loyola known for?
founded Society of Jesus aka Jesuits
What was the Catholic Reformation?
reforming the church; Roman Catholics define points of doctrine clarifying differences between Roman and Protestant churches
What was the Council of Trent? What did they decide there?
council of church officials to address doctrine and reform; decided that church authority must observe strict standards of morality; also decided to establish schools and seminaries to prepare priests for their roles
What were the consequences of the Reformation for Europe?
religious turmoil leads to warfare; Thirty Years War
Who was John Calvin?
Protestantism; theologian and pastor; had religious differences with luther; emphasized scripture and predestination
What did Henry VIII do?
England; wants a son, keeps having daughters, petitions for annulment from Pope, defied papacy; wanted to rule church; instigates English Reformation
Who was Elizabeth I?
daughter of Henry VII and Anne Boleyn; establishes English Protestant Church; reigns 1558-1603
What and when (approximately) was the Spanish Inquisition?
Institution organized in 1478 by Fernando and Isabel of Spain to detect heresy and the secret practice of Judaism or Islam; Charles V adds Protestantism to this
Who was Charles V? Why was everybody afraid of him?
inherited Hapsburgs' Austrian domains, duchy of Burgundy, kingdom of Spain; would acquire authority over Germany, Bohemia, Switzerland, parts of Northern Italy; he was aiming to unify Europe as one big empire and be the supreme political authority
Why, according to scholars was there a dramatic rise in concern about witchcraft in Europe in the 1500s and 1600s?
during this time, there was religious tension in Europe around Protestantism and Catholicism
What factors explain the rise of new ways of thinking in the 1500s in Europe?
reformation and renaissance encouraging independent thought and the growth of science; educational reforms leading to the study of math and sciences
Who was Claudius Ptolemy?
believed the ideoly of a motionless earth at center of concentric spheres
What is an epicycle?
small circular revolutions that planets make around a point in their spheres, even while the spheres themselves revolve around "earth"
Who was Nicolas Copernicus? What new idea did he come up with?
polish astronomer; argued that the sun was in the center of the universe rather than the earth and that the planets (including earth) revolved around the sun
Who was Tyco Brahe?
a Danish astronomer; known for accurate and comprehensive astronomical and planetary observations
Who was Johannes Kepler and what did he discover?
(german astronomer) demonstrated that planetary orbits are elliptical, bot circular as in the Ptolemaic universe
Who was Galileo Galilei and why did he get in trouble with the Catholic Church?
Galileo (Italian astronomer) discovered that the heavenly bodies (such as the moon) were not smooth and immaculate like Ptolemaic astronomers believed. He got in trouble with the church because his findings did not agree with the geocentric ideas of scripture
What happened during the English Civil War?
King vs. Parliament; the wars left several countries in Europe without a monarch
What is the Enlightenment?
intellectual, philosophical, cultural, and social movement spread throughout Europe during 1700s
Who was René de Cartes?
believed thinking/thought is all we can trust and that our senses can betray us; "I think therefore I am"; father of modern philosophy
Who was Thomas Hobbes and what did he write?
English philosopher; wrote Leviathan about state of nature of early human society; people are innately bad
What was the Glorious Revolution?
parliament deposing King James II and inviting his daughter and her husband to assume the throne; arrangement provided kings would rule in cooperation w/ parliament
Who was John Locke and what did he write?
English philosopher and physician; Two Treatises of Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration; Essay Concerning Human Understanding; life, liberty, property
What was Absolutism? How was it practiced in France?
divine rights of the king, derived their authority from God; King Louis XIII and King Louis XIV absolute kings
Where did Peter the Great rule? What did he try to do with his country?
ruled in Russia; tried to transform Russia into a major military power and attempted to westernize the appearance of aristocrats of Russia
Who was Catherine the Great and what did she try to accomplish?
successor of Peter the Great, empress of Russia; improve government efficiency by dividing empire into fifty administrative provinces and promoted economic development in Russia's towns
Who was Mansa Musa?
emperor of Mali empire, muslim industrialist; Islamic education expands in Mali; Mali reaches its peak during his reign
Who was Sunni Ali?
ruler of Songhay empire; initiated the imperial expansion of the Western Sudanese empire of Songhay
Who was King Affonso I of Kongo?
King of Kongo; expad the kingdom to the south and east; firmly established Roman Catholic Church in Kongo; plays role in making Kongo a Christian Kingdom
How did the slave trade affect African Societies?
many internal wars; relationships between African kingdoms changed; depopulation
What is the Dynastic Cycle?
China; belief that each dynasty must bring peace to china, build/rebuild archictecture, protect chinese people; if a dynasty lacked these characteristics, they lost divinity and would be considered an old dynasty
Who was Hongwu?
founder and first emperor of Ming dynasty
What were the Chinese Civil Service Exams?
exam to select candidates for Chinese bureaucracy; based on knowledge of classic and literary style; abolished in 1905
Who was Zheng He and what did he do?
- Chinese explorer lived during early 1400s
- Voyaged to many places like India
- After this much naval exploration stopped in china
What was Matteo Ricci responsible for?
- Trying to expand Christianity to china
- Founded the Jesuit china missions
Who were the Manchus and where did they come from?
Former Jurchen Dynasty who later conquered China again and formed the Qing Dynasty. They came from Mongolia referred to as the Manchurian Chinese
What was different about the Qing Dynasty in Chinese History?
The Qing Dynasty was foreigners who conquered the state; they were Manchurian not Han Chinese
Who was Kangxi?
- The fourth emperor of the Qing Dynasty
- Came into power at 7
- Known as the "model emperor" was a scholar and builder who
Who was Qianlong?
- 6th emperor of Qing Dynasty
- Brought Qing to its high point
- Rebelled against in the white lotus rebellion; subdued but never recovered
What was foot binding? Who engaged in it?
- Mutilating the feet by binding to make them small and "dainty"
- Seen as a sign of wealth and marriage eligibility
- Practiced in China from 10th to 20th centuries
What happened at the Battle of Sekigahara?
Battle that preceded the Tokugawa Shogunate East (Tokugawa) won and beat out the Toyotomi forces
What was the Shogunate?
- System created by the Tokugawa
- Military dictators from 12th century to 19th century
- Hereditary system; absolute power over military
What does Daimyo mean?
Land owning noble who controlled shogun in feudal japan
What empire did Osman Bey found?
Ottoman Empire
What is a Janissary?
were elite infantry units that formed the Ottoman Sultan's household troops and bodyguards. Sultan Murad I created the force in 1383.
What was the Devshirme?
System where the ottoman empire took young Christian boys captive to be part of the janissary and have complete loyalty to the sultan
Where is Istanbul?
Formerly known as Constantinople in the Ottoman Empire
Where is Isfahan?
located on the main north-south and east-west routes crossing Iran, and was once one of the largest cities in the world. It flourished from 1050 to 1722, particularly in the 16th century under the Safavid dynasty,
Who was Mehmed II?
"The conqueror"
- Took Constantinople in 1403 for OE
Who was Selim the Grim?
- Emperor of Ottoman
- Took Syria, Egypt, Mecca, Media, Kurdistan, and Georgia
Who was Suleyman (aka the Magnificent, aka the Lawgiver)?
- Took Belgrade, Budapest, Vienna, and Baghdad
- Battle of the Mohacs, defeated the King of Hungary
Why did the Ottoman's go into decline?
During the Battle of Lepanto, OE went to war with European powers and lost horribly. The leader, Ibrahim The Crazy, taxed and spent to an excess for luxurious lifestyle
Who was Shah Ismail? What empire did he found?
- King of Persia, Founded the Safavid Empire
- founded on the principles of Shiite Islam also known as twelver islam
Where was Chaldiran and what happened there?
Battle in Turkey (modern) between Safavid Empire and Ottoman, won brutally by the OE with better tech
Who was Shah Abbas?
- Inherited Secular centralized states of Safavid empire
- Solves problems with Kizibash by removing them from power
- Took on OE and captures Baghdad
Who was Babur? What empire did he found?
- Mongolian ancestry
- Founded the Mughal Empire
- Defeated Rana Sanga from Hindu Rajaput Confederacy
Who was Akbar? What was unusual about his beliefs?
- emperor of Mughal Empire
- Believed in religious tolerance
- Believed one child should not go to school and learn what they wanted to learn because he never attended
Who was Shah Jahan and what was he most famous for?
- Leader of Mughal empire
- Famous for creating the Taj Mahal for his dead wife
Who was Aurangzeb and in what ways did he rule differently from his father and grandfather?
- Ruler of Mughal Empire
- Different because he did not practice religious tolerance and persecuted the Hindus
How was the American Revolution different from many other revolutions?
- It was a revolution for freedom, not a civil war
- Already governed itself but wanted alone
Why did relations between Britain's North American colonies and the mother country deteriorate?
- British taxes without Americans feeling represented
- Taxes came from war debt incurred from the 7 years (French and Indian War)
What were the Articles of Confederation? What were the failures and weaknesses of the Articles?
- The first governing document of the US post revolution
- Weak federal gov't, strong states no taxation except from states
- No president
How was the Constitution supposed to rectify A of C?
- Created executive branch
- Gave strong central gov't power
- gave taxation power and congress
What role did personalities and ideals play in the success of the new American government?
- More ideals of Republican gov't
- Washington General was made the president and made the New gov't organization work
How was French society different from American society?
- Strongly divided by class
- Ruled by absolute monarchy
Who was Louis XVI? What happened to him?
- Started war and to fund it levied taxes
- Created the National Assembly and Oath of the Tennis Court
- Ran from the revolution, found and executed
What was the Estates General? Why was it called into session?
Meeting of the 3 social classes Monarchy, nobles, common people to discuss reorganization of gov't
What was the Oath of the Tennis Court thing about?
Door locked when common people representatives come to Estates General, occupied tennis court; wouldn't adjourn until problems were fixed
What caused the storming of the Bastille and what were the consequences of it?
it was the symbol of monarchy abuse, stormed the prision, its fall was the beginning of the French Revolution
What events led up to the French Revolution?
- Estates General
- Tennis Court
- Storming of Bastille
- Great Fear
- Establishment of Constitutional Monarchy but still failed
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