ancestryy/evolution

Evidence for common ancestry in Eukaryotic

linear chromosomes, membrane bound organelles, and Genes that contain introns

Membrane bound organelles

Shown in Mitochondria and chloroplasts; have double membrane, endosymbiotic theory, and have ribosomes.

endosymbiotic theory

the hypothesis that eukaryotic cells evolved through a symbiotic relationship between different species of prokaryotes, leading to the formation of organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Linear Chromosomes

Found in all Eukaryotes. It differs from prokaryotic genomes (circular chromosomes ).

What is an Introns

non-coding sequences of DNA within a gene that are removed during RNA splicing.

Intron for common ancestry

Found in all eukaryotes.

Genomic changes

Changes in DNA and Cell divison and environmental disruptions

Continous change in fossil records

Transition fossils can show the evolutionary changes as one groups evolve into another

Resistance to various chemicals

Resistance can show evolutionary changes in terms of new mutations

Fitness

The ability of an organism to reproduce

Pathogens

infectious agent that produce dieases, evolves, can become chemically compatible with its host, and can change phenotypes.

Viruses

They evolve rapidly

Virus Recombination

two different viruses swap genetic material (DNA or RNA) when they have hosted the same cell to create a new viral strain, potentially leading to new characteristics or abilities.

Random mutation

A change in DNA sequence

Macroevolution

large scale evidence for evolution: anatomy, embryology, molecular biology, biogeography, and fossils.

homologous

variation in a structure that was present in a common ancestor

analogous

structures that evolved independently in different species due to similar environmental conditions/selective pressures

evidence 1- molecular biology

DNA sequence comparisons can show how different species are related.

evidence 2- biogeography

These patterns provide clues about how species, both alive and extinct, are related to each other

evidence 3- fossils

are preserved remains, impression, or trace of once living organisms from the past, it tells us age/geographical data

evidence 4 - anatomy/embryology

Anatomical features shared between organisms (including ones that are visible only during embryonic development) can indicate a shared evolutionary ancestry

vestigial structure

A reduced feature that serves little to no purpose for the organism; for example; the human tailbone

Biochemical evidence

A comparison of DNA nucleotide sequences and/or protein amino acid sequences provides evidence for evolution and common ancestry

True or False: Analogous features is convergent evolution

True

reduction of isotope - like carbon 14

is a method used in radiometric dating to determine the age of organic materials by measuring the decay of carbon-14 isotopes.